Form and Structure of ‘Abigail’s Party’ Emily Huntley Essay

Mike Leigh’s ‘Abigail’s Party’ was primarily shown on television and wasn’t initially meant for the stage, until it was realised how successful it was. The plot is based around a mirror of two party’s, one involving 5 adults all living in the same estate but of very contrasting backgrounds and classes which Mike Leigh also depicts, and the other of the sixteen year old daughter of Sue, who’s organised a typical teenage ‘rave’. The essence of the play is that generally speaking the younger generations should be observed at parties but in Mike Leigh’s example the irony is that the adult’s seem just as drunk and obscene as what is imagined next door. This is where the comedy arises and is developed throughout the play as the adults keep a close eye on the teenagers but there is no one to observe the adults. Mike Leigh has also drawn the attention of the audience by focusing on class by contrasting the classes of the characters, Beverly and Lawrence who are aspiring for true middle class, a poor newly married couple and a middle class divorcee. This situation in itself is controversial due to Sue not being nearly as wealthy as Beverly and Lawrence but being by far the most cultured of the group. Another example of this would be shown in Ang, her occupation as a nurse can actually be called a well known and accepted profession, although she has little money and isn’t well cultured or travelled, as an outsider you can see the intelligence that Mike Leigh has tried to depict over the other characters. The play is composed of two acts, both of which surprisingly end with the focus on Sue, the most timid character. I think this was purposeful on Leigh’s behalf as although she seems to be a pretty insignificant character she holds a lot of unknown power over the people in her company. Especially Lawrence who realises her class is above his and he aspires to be like her by seeking her approval. As the play develops so does the amount of alcohol consumed and the tension between the two married couples. Especially from Beverly and Lawrence’s points of view as they start verbally abusing each other in the presence of their guests, which I believe would not occur otherwise as Ang, Tony and Sue would realise their true characters. Therefore I could also state that the play is structured around class, parties and also alcohol. Everything in the play including props, lighting and sound effects is ultra realistic. The set includes real food and drink with a working record player and lamps, which provide the naturalistic lighting throughout the whole play, and the constant thumping from next door really makes the situation believable. To enhance the realism, Mike Leigh also wrote the play in ‘real time’, this means that the duration of the play is natural over the period of an evening, with no days or hours skipped. Another tool used by Mike Leigh to develop true realism is the use of colloquial dialect. There is no stylised or poetic language and also no imagery used. It is written so the audience can easily place themselves in the character’s positions. Discussing the structure of the play is hard considering the definitions of ‘A Well Made Play’ 1.) Exposition (introduction of characters and situations) 2.) Conflict (a huge problem is bought to the surface) 3.) Complications (the problem develops) 4.) Climax (the most dramatic, and tension filled part of the play) 5.) Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement (the resolution) The exposition occurs between pages 1 and 13 when the characters are introduced to each other and also the audience. This is the period when the audience makes their own assumptions of the characters, and they can recognise different relationships and tensions. This is when we also realise about Lawrence’s hectic lifestyle and frequent suffering of heartburn so that his heart attack doesn’t come as a complete shock and the audience understand and sympathise more. The conflict is primarily to do with Beverly and Lawrence’s relationship and the strain that it is clearly under. But we also see the stress between Angela and Tony periodically. The complication is when the tension builds as more and more alcohol is consumed predominantly between Lawrence and Beverly. The climax is clearly Lawrence’s heart attack, which is the outcome, of a stressful job, a nagging wife, being polite to unwelcome guests the consumption of alcohol and the constant ‘thumping’ of the party next door. This is when the focus and drive of the play changes completely from the future life these characters have built themselves to the present situation. Lastly the dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement. In ‘Abigail’s Party’ there doesn’t seem to be a definite resolution, the play is left on a cliff hanger as the audience is ‘left in the dark’ as to whether the conflicts have been resolved and if not the final outcome of the situation. ‘Abigail’s Party’ is referred to as a comedy, but of various types, it contains a slight element of black comedy in the fact that Lawrence has a heart attack. But throughout the play, Leigh develops another form of comedy, not through one-liners, but due to the characters’ dialogue and movement etc. For example, Tony’s monosyllabic answers, Angela’s lack of social etiquette, Sue’s shyness and total dislike of the situation, Lawrence’s frequent cultural references even though everyone can see he is uneducated in Shakespeare and Beethoven and is simply attempting and failing to reach a higher social class (nouveaux riches). And Beverly’s clear lack of self-control concerning Tony and insulting Angela’s lipstick. ‘Abigail’s Party’ is essentially written as a comedy, until the end, which presents more opportunities, and shows a more tragic and retrospective feel. This play is unique in that it is completely down to the director as to how they depict it as it can be of two extremes tragic or comic, excluding Lawrence’s death, which is clearly comic with the reference to Ang’s cramp etc. In the production I saw, it was comic and I thought this worked well but having considered it to be a tragic play I think this could be just as effective.

Projectile Motion Lab: Using a Toy Gun

Projectile Motion Lab: Using a Toy Gun Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to measure the vertical displacement, or height of the launch, and the horizontal displacement, or range, travelled by a projectile (bullet from toy gun). Questions: What is the shape of the actual path travelled by a projectile? How closely does an actual projectile's results follow the theoretical predicted results? Hypothesis: The shape of the path travelled by the projectile, in this case the bullet of the gun, is a parabolic. This means that is a curvy shape due to the bullet being launched in the air (making curve go up) and the earth's gravity pulling it down (making curve go down). As the height of the bullet's release increases the the time to reach the ground will increase, and therefore the range of the bullet will increase. This is because the bullet's vertical velocity will decrease later as the height is higher up, having a larger time, and therefore a larger range. Materials: Toy Gun Fake Bullets Metre Sick Stop Watch General Observations: A metre stick was used to measure the height and the range of the bullet. A stop was used to determine the time it took for the bullet to reach the ground. As the bullet was released, its path was parabolic. This means that its was curvy because it was first int air, but the gravity pulled it back down to the surface. The toy gun was steadily held in my hand. The initial height was the distance from the gun to the surface used. The gun shot out the bullets at a fairly fast speed. As the height was increased, the more time the bullet took to reach the ground. As the height was increased, the range was also higher. Observation Table: Data of various heights used: | Height (cm) |Time (seconds) |Horizontal Distance (cm) | |25 |2. 26 |70. 7 | |50 |3. 19 |100 | |75 |3. 1 |122 | |100 |4. 52 |141 | Analysis: Picture of the launcher: Height vs. Range graph- Refer to attached data in the back. Position vs. Time graph- Refer to attached data in the back. The graph results definitely support the hypothesis. This is because as the height of the toy gun was increased, the horizontal distance increased. Also, as the horizontal distance of the bullet increased, so did the time (vice- versa). The graphs were very similar due to the horizontal distance (cm) being constant on the y- axis of the graph. In the Horizontal Distance vs. Time graph, the time represented the corresponding heights of the Horizontal Distance vs Height graph. Making the graphs very similar. Determining the Vi of the Bullet: Vi = aav x ? t aav = -9. 81 m/s? ?t = 3. 19 seconds Vi = -9. 81 x 3. 19 Vi = 31. 3 m/s [v] *Therefore the initial velocity of the bullet is 31. 3 m/s [v]. Theoretical Ranges of the Bullet: Formula- ? d = Vi x ? t |Height (cm): |Range/ Horizontal Displacement (cm) : | |25 |? d = 31. 3 x 2. 26 | | |? d = 70. 7 cm | |50 | ? d = 31. 3 x 3. 19 | | |? d = 99. 8 cm | |75 | ? d = 31. 3 x 3. 91 | | |? = 121 cm | |100 | ? d = 31. 3 x 4. 52 | | |? d = 142 cm | Experimental Percent Errors For each Range: Formula- % error = [ (experimental value – accepted vale) / (accepted value) ] (100%) |Height : |Experimental Range: |Theoretical Range: |Percent Error: | |25 cm |70. 7 cm |70. 7 cm |0. 0% | |50 cm |100 cm |99. 8 cm |0. 00 2% | |75 cm |122 cm |121 cm |0. 00 8% | |100 cm |141 dm |142 cm |0. 00 7% | As it can be seen, there was a very little percent error between the actual and the theoretical range of the bullet from the gun. The theoretical and the experimental ranges were almost identical, and in some cases they were Sources of error: The first source of error was the toy gun's bullet were not perfectly a cylinder. Since the bullets we made out of plastic foam there some ripped edges. This would definitely give a slightly inaccurate result sine the bullet would not consistently travel in the same way as it is going in a parabolic path. This would cause some twisting and turning of the bullet since the rips would collect air and make the bullet therefore move around (sort of like air pockets). The main problem with this is that the bullet is not consistently travelling in the exact same way. Another source of error was that since the gun was shot from a human being's hand it is really tough to keep the gun at the same angle (zero degrees) as it is shot. If the angle of the gun is not consistently shot at the same angle it will definitely impact the results because the horizontal distance (range) of the bullet will be different each time. If the gun has an angle pointing downward, the range will decrease. The bullet will be in the air for a smaller amount of time, covering less ground. If the gun is pointing upward the range will increase. The bullet will be in the air for a longer period of time, covering more ground. There can be ways though to fix these sources of errors. For the first one where there were rips in the bullet, what one can do to fix the bullets is use tape to cover up the holes. Or, a better solution would to buy new, fresh bullets where there are no bend, rips or chance of disfunction. To make sure that the bullets angle is constant after each shot, what one can do is use a stand to place the gun in. This would make sure that the gun is not pointing down or upward, giving very accurate data of the range. Conclusion: All projectiles travel in a parabolic path. Projectile motion is the motion of an object who's path is affected by the force of gravity. Everything is affected by gravity, but it profoundly alters the motion of objects that are thrown or shot upward. The arching of the bullet in this experiment is caused by gravity, as well as its falling motion in general. Gravity causes change in the vertical velocity of the projectile. Objects experiencing projectile motion have a constant velocity in the horizontal direction, and a constantly changing velocity in the vertical direction. Thus, this is causing the parabolic shape. The actual projectile's results were really close to the theoretical results in this case. There were no outliers in the range. If the theoretical range and the actual range were not close it would be due to the tools used to measure the time and the distance. A metre stick was used to determine the horizontal range for the experiment. This is very inaccurate because the bullet dropped way to fast to see the actual landing spot. The landing spot was based on the eye. Also since a timer was used to determine the time of the bullet's range this is again very inaccurate since the bullet dropped way to fast to use a stop watch. Overall, the results in this case were luckily extremely close and accurate having a maximum percent error of 0. 00 8%. The reasons for the experimental error was mainly due to the tools used to measure data and, the inconsistency of the angle of the gun. As stated earlier a metre stick was used to determine the horizontal range for the experiment. This is very inaccurate because the bullet dropped way to fast to see the actual landing spot. The landing spot was based on the eye. Since a timer was used to determine the time of the bullet's range this is again very inaccurate since the bullet dropped way to fast to use a stop watch. Again as stated earlier, if the angle of the gun is not consistently shot at the same angle it will definitely impact the results because the horizontal distance (range) of the bullet will be different each time. If the gun has an angle pointing downward, the range will decrease. The bullet will be in the air for a smaller amount of time, covering less ground. If the gun is pointing upward the range will increase. The bullet will be in the air for a longer period of time, covering more ground.

Review Related Literature

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE I. INTRODUCTION This review of related literature focuses on how to process used to automate a sales order fulfillment process. Such a system contains a list of order to be filled, and then prompts workers to pick the necessary items, and provides them with packaging and shipping. The said business needs an inventory system to help them to record the tracking of the business flow and help them to make it easier for them to monitor items. This inventory system involved the progresses of the daily process of buying and selling of their products.LOCAL LITERATURE * Julie’s Bakeshop System Since 1999, Julie’s Franchise Corporation has garnered a string of Franchise Excellence Awards for consistently high achievements of growth and development in all aspects of franchise operations that uphold the stringent standards of the Julie’s Bakeshop System: Quality; Customer Service; Cleanliness; Sanitation; Maintenance; and Reliable Mana gement. They Transacting Business and Visitors who register to transact business on the site and make use of the various services offered by Julie’s bakeshop.They use Personally Identifiable Information to customize the Site, to make appropriate service offerings, and to fulfill buying and selling requests on the Site. We may email Visitors and Authorized Customers about research or purchase and selling opportunities on the Site or information related to the subject matter of the Site. We may also use Personally Identifiable Information to contact Visitors and Authorized Customers in response to specific inquiries, or to provide requested information. Goldilocks System Goldilocks was opened in 1966 as a family business and started as a simple one-door apartment in a two-story structure at 2300 Pasong Tamo Street in Makati. It first opened its US branch in 1976, at Artesia, California. Goldilocks uses login information, including, but not limited to, IP addresses, ISPs, and br owser types, to analyze trends, administer the Site, track a user’s movement and use, and gather broad demographic information. FOREIGN LITERATURE ‘sponge and dough’ system of Franz Family Bakeries Franz Family Bakeries has produced bread products in the North Western US since 1906 and commissioned a $42m bakery in Springfield, Oregon, as part of a centennial celebration To produce its breads and buns, Franz uses a ‘sponge-and-dough' system. Sponges are produced in a 2,000lb horizontal mixer and receive a 4-4. 5 hour ferment at a temperature of 80? F and 80% relative humidity in an automated fermentation room with a capacity of 9,000lb per hour. The semi-automated fermentation room for the bun line produces 5,000lb an hour.Two 2,500lb horizontal mixers feed the bread line every 10 minutes with a continuous stream of chunks feeding the divider. The bun line has a 1,200lb sponge mixer and 1,600lb horizontal mixer from where the dough is sent to the divider ev ery 12 minutes. * Spooner Vicars Bakery Systems Spooner Vicars Bakeries is to be the world leader in ‘Total Supply ; Service† to our customer base and increase market leadership, through faster responses, on-time deliveries, professionalism, quality and technological advancement and to be the best in our industry.Spooner Vicars Bakery Systems may use cookies for the purpose of improving user experience and to facilitate the transfer of data between the site and the individual. Data submitted to the site may be transferred within Spooner Vicars Bakery Systems, including to subsidiaries, strictly in order to fulfill or expedite a user's request. Data submitted to this site will not be shared or sold to any outside parties, unless specifically requested by the user.

Week 3 Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Week 3 Discussion Questions - Essay Example For lenders, an adjustable rate mortgage is more beneficial if the current interest rates are high, because interest rates are likely to return to lower rates in the future. On the other hand, when interest rates are low, fixed mortgages are particularly advisable for home buyers as they have been in the past year. For example, the United States Federal Reserve in December 2008 slashed interest rates to their lowest level on record in an unprecedented attempt to combat a prolonged recession (Pykett, 2008). Hence, it is favourable for home buyers at this time to consider a fixed rate mortgage, as they are able to lock in to a favourable rate. I consider the Federal Reserve Bank an institution in a dilemma, because its goals frequently conflict. For example, should the monetary policy implemented by the Federal Reserve Bank give priority to price stability or to full employment? Although price stability can help achieve optimal sustainable output growth and employment over the longer term, a move to restrain inflation would further aggravate slowdown in the economy (Mankiw, 2003). On the other hand, a bid to combat unemployment would aggravate inflation. In such situations, the Federal Reserve Bank is in a dilemma and must determine whether to concentrate on battling increasing prices or on supporting the loss of employment and output. 3. Explain the impact current Federal Reserve Banks policy is having on your 1) personal decisions and 2) the decisions of your organization. Provide at least one example. (I work in the meat processing industry) The Federal Reserve Bank determines the federal funds rate at a level it believes will promote financial and monetary conditions consistent with attaining its monetary policy objectives, and it adjusts that goal in line with evolving economic conditions. An alteration in the

Time for analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time for analysis - Essay Example Rolex may have used the woman in the ad as an implication that the watch is as attractive as the woman. The watch is likely to appeal to the buyers when such a beautiful woman is used in the ad. The use of a fallen tree as a bridge is the only solution the woman in a jungle has to use in order to overcome some of the challenges such as crossing the bridge. Many people face challenges of time constraint which they must overcome in order to achieve their goals. However, without a watch it may be difficult for them to overcome those challenges. Therefore, everybody needs watch in order to manage their time and carry out all of their activities effectively (Pricken 124). The woman in the ad seems relaxed and not in any hurry as she begins to cross the bridge. The fallen tree she is using as the bridge has a broad base, and that could be the reason the lady seems relaxed and without any worries. However, as she gets to the middle of the tree, it becomes thinner and more dangerous to cross while the river becomes deeper at that point. This implies that at the beginning of the day people seem relaxed because they think they have plenty of time. However, as time goes by, and the sunset approaches they come to a realization of inadequacy of time yet they have not achieved the day’s target. Additionally, the rays of the sun are illuminating the area of the bridge in front of the lady thus making it appear as if it is early. Looking at the watch it shows the time is fifteen-minutes-to-two. Therefore, this could imply that witch is an essential tool for guiding people in planning their day-to-day activities and avoid being caught up the time by surpr ise (Pricken 139). The picture shows a waterfall that is permanent, and it shows the challenges in the jungle are permanent. It is upon the lady to find whatever means they can afford in order to overcome the challenges. The waterfall may symbolize the durability of the watch. Also, the

'How can participatory approaches influence all aspects of young Essay

'How can participatory approaches influence all aspects of young children's rights' - Essay Example However, when dealing with children, it is crucial that their rights are respected especially since they are the weak members of society and are currently unable to fend for themselves. Hence, it is important that people or agencies that have children as a component of what they do must take note that children have rights too and are fully entitled to these rights. As mentioned, with everybody else, they have their rights from birth and must never be discriminated. Freeman (1996) further emphasizes this point stating that despite the importance and extreme value of these rights, these are automatically owned. People must not work for these rights, toil; beg much more bleed for these rights. As such, though incapable of working and are generally dependent, children must be accorded these rights. Human rights are very important. Hence, the United Nations (UN) has crafted its declaration ratified by different country members to ensure its protection. It is through this declaration that the UN protects the rights of individuals as they continually support efforts and provide recognition for this birth right of everyone (United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN 2011). However, since children are still unable to care for themselves much more know and defend their rights, the United Nations (UN) have put forth the Convention for the Rights of the Child (CRC) to provide additional protection that will ensure that children’s rights are upheld. Additionally, the CRC calls for the participation of children so that these rights may be practiced. The CRC also recognizes that adults play a crucial role for the rights to be enjoyed by every child (Nurick and Johnson, 2001). Main Body Recognizing Rights Early On As mentioned, rights are not given to anybody in the course of their lifetime hence it is not something to be taken away. These rights are born with every individual. Thus, it is important that appreciation of these rights start early for children. It then makes the integration of children’s rights during early child development crucial for the formative development of children. During these times, programs are utilized to influence the circumstances surrounding children as they grow up. Of course the family is considered since it is the immediate environment of the child. Then, the community is likewise considered and of course the institutions that are necessary for the early development of the child such as the availability of health centers and schools and the quality of service these institutions provide. Moreover, policies are also considered since these will impact on the opportunities for development as well as the protection of children’s rights (Arnold 2001). Policies play a key role since these is where funding for early childhood development comes from. An example would be the funding of the federal government of British Colombia (BC) so that there will be budget allocation to care for the unborn through pregnancy support, birth and on infancy. The government also supports parenting and the family and makes provisions for the improvement of the community and for early childhood development as well as children’s education and care. The support will really play a big role especially if this is calibrated with the

Suicidal Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Suicidal Behavior - Case Study Example Nevertheless, I have established the following cause and effect relationship for the suicidal case: Family related - an abusive father with grave personal issues such as gambling addiction (p. 86); a self-destructive mother who eventually died leaving the children to fend for themselves (p. 86); a sister as a source of envy (p. 88). Suicidal tendencies common in the family (p. 86). Self related - attempt to make people around feel guilty; tendency to blame self for the miseries happening around her (p. 95). The narrator also had the feeling of being powerless of saving the parent whom he loved very much (p. 93). Society related - being a woman at that time (stated to be 1972) was disadvantageous because of the concept of man as superior than his partner. (p. 92). There was also a lack of effectiveness for the support and rescue system such as tranquilizers only causing lethargy, uninspired trainee psychiatrist and ignorant love of nuns at the convent school (p. 85). The Cause and Effect analysis reveals many important points for the determination of the suicidal tendencies. Foremost of the reason is the abusive father who found it appropriate to make his children suffer as he did. He had a hard background and the pressure of supporting his children and his mentally challenged wife was too much for him to bear. He saw his family as people who made him suffer and so he must make them suffer. Backed by the notion that the man is the head of the family, he could have deemed it fit to treat to make his family recognize his superior masculinity, albeit, to a serious and violent degree. The patriarchal system pervading the period was also providing the justification for the abusive act. Self-destruction it appears runs in the family. The mother and sister had it as well as the narrator. However, it becomes more important to point out that such unfortunate situation can be more attributed to the unfortunate life that their parents had. The narrator's mother fended for herself at the young age of 10 while the father was forced to work and forget schooling. Misery for those misfortunes made itself known thru violence. There is also a cause and effect relationship for her survival. It is as follows: 1. Narrator successfully repressing her suicidal tendency Family related - fond memories for her mother who taught her the value of cheerfulness; a newfound sibling relationship with her

Exploring Theme in August Wilsons Fences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Theme in August Wilsons Fences - Essay Example Many of these restrictions and attitudes might have gone unnoticed and unremembered except for the black playwrights and authors who revealed their effects on the community as a whole. In his play Fences, August Wilson uses the concept of a fence as both a theme and a symbol to reveal the hidden boundaries his characters encounter as they attempt to achieve a modest version of the American dream in the 1950s North. The concept of invisible boundaries blocking one’s ability to reach the American Dream is the central theme of this play. The story begins on a random Friday afternoon. The play’s main character, Troy Manxson, is waiting for his latest paycheck from the city’s waste removal services department where he works somewhat unwillingly because his dreams of being a big baseball star were thwarted when he was younger by rules that prevented black men from playing in the major leagues. As the play progresses, it becomes clear that all the characters featured once had big dreams that were thwarted by the generalized lack of opportunity that applied to anyone with darker skin. In this opening scene, Troy immediately addresses the theme of the play when he tells Bono about the invisible ceilings that are constantly placed over his head, such as the boss’s reaction when Troy asked why only white men were allowed the position of garbage truck drivers. Troy’s fru stration is clear as he obviously realizes that playing for a professional team would have afforded him and his family an entirely different kind of life, and he is even held down in this lowly position working on a garbage truck. His response to the idea that things are changing and he was just born too young, Troy says, â€Å""There ought not never have been no time too early† (Wilson, Act 1, Scene 1). In spite of knowing his limitations were externally set, Troy feels he has failed

FIN 300 - Principles of Finance for the Private Sector 1-8 Essay

FIN 300 - Principles of Finance for the Private Sector 1-8 - Essay Example 2009). Current ratio is obtained by dividing current assets by current liabilities while quick ratio is obtained the same way only that inventory is eliminated from current assets since it takes time to convert to cash. The two ratios indicate the level of liquidity and hence they help to maintain the required liquidity for retailers (Phillips et al. 2009). The higher the ratios the stronger liquidity is. Phillips, M. D., Volker, J. X., Anderson, S. J. (2009). A behavioral comparison of financial ratios for different size privately-held retail and service businesses. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, 1(1), 1-7. Residual value estimated is normally the amount that can be realized if the asset was to be sold after its useful life. However, most organizations take the estimated residual value to be zero. This method allocates equal amount to each year. Present value is the current value of a given future value of money or cash flow streams (Chiu2010). Compounding is process of finding the future value when the present value is given while discounting if the process of finding the present value when the future value is given. Gollier (2010) discusses the following differences. Future value of a lump sum is higher than future value of an annuity given similar factors. This is because the lump sum amount earns interest in all the periods while not all the annuities earn interest for the entire period. Long term bonds are those ones that have a longer maturity period. Interest rates are used as discounting rates in calculating the value of a bond. An increase in interest rate therefore reduces the value of a bond and this is a risk called interest rate risk. Short term bonds have a shorter maturity period and a fluctuation in interest affects income hence reinvestment risk. The value of a corporate bond is determined through the fundamental theory, where the value is the present value of the

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Assignment Example In cyanobacteria, strains with a clock period length that matched the environmental photoperiod outgrow strains with no clock or with an out of phase period length in competitive culture conditions (Woefle et al., 2004). This does gesture to the probability of the clock being an important evolutionary step that allowed survival of early organisms. Circadian rhythms can influence sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, body temperature and other important intrinsic functions. Organization and function Function: The main principle of circadian clocks is oscillatory gene activation. The initial gene activation is regulated by the last one in the sequence, making up an auto-regulatory feedback loop that lasts about 24 hours. That is, feedback loops of transcription and translation, whereby the protein product of a clock gene will indirectly shut off its own expression. Such feedback loops are controlled and probably lengthened by post-translational modifications of most proteins involved (Ha rms et al., 2004) Organization: They have three major components: 1) A central oscillating mechanism with a period of about 24 hours. 2) Several output pathways associated with distinct phases of the oscillator. These control the activities of the organism. 3) Several input pathways to this central oscillator to allow programming of the circadian clock. Metazoans possess circadian clocks in most cells of the body. Each of these clocks is autonomous (Welsh et al., 1995). This means that each of the cells has to be entrained autonomously as well. But, since the oscillations of the clocks are roughly 24 hours in length, there has to be a form of synchronization. In the case of direct light entrained organisms, such as the drosophila, this entrainment occurs in cells independently (Plautz et al.,1997) (Whitmore et al., 2000). In drosophila, the Drosophila ring gland and Malpighian tubules show some sort of rhythms. This autonomous cell entrainment may also be seen in higher organisms wh ere the parasympathetic system is responsible for entrainment (Ishida et al., 2005). It is itself entrained by the central master clock. In higher organisms, the process is more complex and requires what is known as hierarchical entrainment. This is discussed below. In higher organisms such as man, the entrainment of the clock is hierarchical. This is similar to most other vertebrates. In mammals, the suprachiasmic nucleus acts as the main/master clock. It is a paired neuronal structure located at the base of the hypothalamus. It is just above the optic chiasm/bifurcation (Klein et al.1991). It facilitates entrainment and synchrony of all other tissues by direct and indirect methods. These include use of hormones, temperature regulation, feeding regulation and metabolism. The suprachiasmic nucleus undergoes entrainment by relation with the optic apparatus via optic tract. This is the retionohypothalamic tract (Ben-Schlomo and Kyriacou, 2002). The SCN consists of a mixed population o f neuronal and glial cells, but which types of cells might be capable of acting as circadian oscillators is presently unknown . Since they are autonomous in function, several theories have been proposed as to their synchronization. One is the synchrony of circadian rhythm due to production of melatonin by the pineal gland. It

Comments and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Comments and response - Essay Example The art of apologizing solves a number of conflicts that can arise from an unintended statement and portrays your respect to other people, which helps things get back to normal. I agree with how challenging it is asking an individual who is always late to keep time. However, apart from taking precaution you take when you are asking the individual to be in time, what makes you that it is challenging in the situation regardless whether the victim violates the schedule or not? Rose I appreciate your priority in other people feelings that have led you to an easy perception of the apologizing scenario. On the other hand, you find it very hard to say no to an individual offering to assist in a project, which I also have, a similar insight. Consequently, how would you reject an offer from someone offering help to your project? That is a very commendable question. The most innocuous way I would ask someone to keep time is by putting myself in his shoes, and then I remark the issue from the positive side of being in time. For example, I would ask you, â€Å"Hi Alicia, yesterday I was also late, and I actually missed a number of important ideas. Tomorrow I will make sure I arrive early and hope you can also try and be on time so that we can gain the best from the beginning†. You are right that the scenario of asking someone to be on time can result to aggressiveness from the victim. Effective Consultations with administration and the victim will definitely be an appropriate strategy to handle the

Keri 2006 Advertising Campaign Essay Example for Free

Keri 2006 Advertising Campaign Essay This is a 2006 advertising campaign of Keri new skin-care product, Keri Nourishing Shea Butter lotion. It is a remake and reproduction of a well-known painting â€Å"La Grande Odalisque† by French artist Jean-August-Dominique Ingres. The written message states this â€Å"experience the timeless beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter. Enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, it makes skin feel truly touchable†. It seemingly means that this new product can help improve the consumer’s skin performance. But indeed, this ad contains intended meanings which include symbolic properties and commodity fetishism. First of all, this Keri’s ad produces symbolic meanings. In this ad, it is not a simply a case that the conventions and themes of an artist or a style are copied, but rather it is a carefully and close reproduction of the original painting. If we compare it to the origin, the head cover, the fan and pose of the nuked woman is almost the same. The product itself has no meaning. However this careful reproduction of particular elements obvious makes the ad as a reference to the original painting, a classic and wide international recognized work of art which is meaningful to most consumers. As a masterwork of art in the history, the painting is regarded as an important icon of an immortal and timeless signifier of classical female beauty. By creating correlation between the ad and Ingres’ painting, the image, ideas of Ingres’ panting become attached to Keri’s new product. The sexy female nude, the material object, becomes the signifier, and it signified the idea of timeless female beauty. Therefore, Keri’s new product becomes a sign of timeless female beauty. Moreover, the advertisement creates differentiation between new product and the other products in the same series (Williamson, 1978, p24). Keri’ ad introduces a new product that is enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, an important element to make skin smooth and vibrant. In fact, there are more six more products in this category. The function and content of Keri Nourishing Shea Butter make it unique and independent to other product, such as Original, Advanced and Moisture Rich Oil. In addition, the advertisement makes the product and a feeling of â€Å"experience of the timeless beauty of being a woman† equal in value. Every woman wants to be beautiful and timeless. However money cannot buy you beautiful and timeless. Thus, by generating a connection between Keri’s product and feeling, it adds a value to timeless beauty, because money can buy Keri’s product. Secondly, the Keri’s lotion product exists as a commodity in the market place. The lotion has a nature priority of making skin smooth. As Marx says the nature priority decides the use value (Marx, 1867). The use value of Keri’s product is to improve your skin quality. In Capital, Marx says the objective form of social relations is called reification (1867). As the advertising campaign says â€Å"experience the timeless beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter†, the consumers will experience â€Å"timeless beauty of being a woman† if they purchase and consume the product. The human relationship of timeless beauty is expressed in a commodity form of lotion. The abstracted social relations are taken out of their actual organic context†, abstraction separates the use value and exchange value of a commodity (Goldman, 1992, p21). In this ad, the meaning of using its product is transformed into the experience of timeless beauty. In this process, the exchange value of Keri’s product now refer to the timeless beauty. It equivalents the value of the product and the value of a history work of art of beauty female by putting the product and reproduction image together into the same frame.

Tracks Covering in Penetration Testing

Tracks Covering in Penetration Testing Er. Ramesh Narwal Er. Gaurav Gupta Abstract After completing attack, covering tracks is the next step in penetration testing. In tracks covering after completing attack we will return to each exploited system to erase tracks and clean up all footprints we left behind. Tracks covering is important because it gives clue to forensics analyst or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Sometimes it’s difficult to hide all tracks but an attacker can manipulate the system to confuse the examiner and make it almost impossible to identify the extent of the attacker. In this research paper we describe all of the methods used in tracks covering and their future scope. Keywords: Exploit, Payload, Vulnerability Assessment, Penetration Testing, Track Covering Introduction Penetration testing is nowadays an important organisation security testing method. Penetration testing is also known as Pentesting. Main objective of penetration testing is to identify the security threats in networks, systems, servers and applications. Penetration testing consists of various phases which we discuss in overview of penetration testing. After gaining administrative access on a system or server, attacker first task is to cover their tracks to prevent detection of his current and past presence in the system. An attacker or intruder may also try to remove evidence of their identity or activities on the system to prevent tracing of their identity or location by authorities. To prevent himself an attacker usually erases all error messages, alerts or security events that have been logged. Overview of Penetration Testing Penetration Testing used for validation and effectiveness of security protections and controls of an organisation. It reduce an organisation’s expenditure on IT security by identifying an remediating vulnerabilities or loopholes. It provides preventive steps that can prevent upcoming exploitation. Penetration testing phases Pre-engagement Interactions Intelligence Gathering Threat Modeling Vulnerability Analysis Exploitation Post Exploitation Covering Tracks Reporting Pre-engagement Interactions Planning is the first step in pre-engagement. During this phase scope, goal and terms of the penetration test is finalised with the client. Target and methods of planned attacks are also finalised in this phase. Intelligence Gathering This is most important phase if we miss something here we might miss an entire opportunity of attack. All information regarding target is gathered by using social media networks, google hacking and other methods. Our primary goal during this phase to gain accurate information about target without revealing our presence, to learn how organisation operates and to determine the best entry point. Threat Modeling The information acquired in intelligence gathering phase used in this phase to identify existing vulnerabilities on the target system. In threat modelling, we determine the most effective attack methods, the information type we need and how attack can be implemented at an organisation. Vulnerability Analysis Vulnerability is loophole or weakness in the system, network or product by using which can compromise it. After identification of most effective attack method, we consider how we can access the target. During this phase we combine information acquired in previous phases and use that information to find out most effective attack. Port and Vulnerability scans are performe in this phase and all data is also gathered from previous phases. Exploitation Exploit is a code which allows an attacker to take advantage of the flaw or vulnerability within system, application or service. We must perform exploit only when we are sure that the particular exploit will be successful. May be unforeseen protective measures might be on the target that inhibit a particular exploit. Before trigger a vulnerability we must sure that the system is vulnerable. Our exploit must do proper clean-up after execution at compromised system and must not cause the compromised system to grow into unstable state. Given below figure shows some system shutdown prompt at compromised windows machine due to without proper clean-up of exploit after execution. After successful exploitation the compromised system is under the control of an attacker. Many times attacker or penetration tester need to alter the compromised or breached systems to attain privilege escalation. Post Exploitation Payload is actual code which executed on the compromised system after exploitation. Post Exploitation phase begins after compromised one or more systems. In this phase penetration tester identifies critical infrastructure, targets specific systems, targets information and data that values most and that must be attempted to secure. In Post Exploitation while attacking systems we should take time to understand what the system do and their different user roles. Every tester and attacker generally spend time in compromised system to understand the information he have and how he can take benefit from that information. After gaining access of one system an attacker can access other systems in that network by using compromised as a staging point. This method is known as pivoting. Sometimes attackers creates backdoor into the compromised system to regain access of the system in the future Covering Tracks In the previous phases penetration tester or attacker often made significant changes to the compromised systems to exploit the sytems or to gain administrative rights. This is the final stage in penetration test in which an attack clears all the changes made by himself in the compromised systems and returns the system and all compromised hosts to the precise configurations as they are before conducting penetration test. Reporting All of the information like vulnerability reports, diagrams and exploitation results generated during penetration testing must be deleted after handover to the client. If any information is not deleted it should be in the knowledge of client and mentioned in the technical report which is generated after penetration testing. Reporting is the last phase in penetration test in which penetration tester organise available data and related result sets into report and present that report to the client. This report is highly confidential which have all the results of penetration tests like vulnerabilities list in the organisation systems, networks or products and recommendations to solve these problems related to the security of the organisation assets, which helps organisation in stopping future attacks. How to cover tracks To compromise system successfully an attacker need to be stealthy and avoid detection by various security systems like firewalls, Intrusion detection systems (IDS). System administrators and other security personals uses similar techniques to identify malicious activities, so it’s very important for attacker to be remains undetected. A system administrator can examine processes and log files to check malicious activities. There are various challenges which are faced by a penetration tester after successfully compromise of target system. Now we describe various problem faced by a penetration tester in covering tracks Manipulating Log Files Data To manipulate log files data an attacker must have nice knowledge of commonly used operating systems. An attacker must aware of two types of log files system generated and application generated. Penetraion tester or attacker have two options when manipulating log data first one is to delete entire log and second one is to modify the content of the log file. After deleting entire log an attacker there is surety of undetectability. But there is drawback of deletion of entire log is detection. Second option an attacker have to manipulation of log files data within the log files so that system administrator is not able to notice attacker presence in the system. But sometimes if attacker removal of so much information make gap between logs files makes it noticeable. Log Files Management in Various System Main purpose of log files in various operating systems is to check health and state of operating system, to detect malicious activity, to analysis system if something bad happens(system troubleshooting). Here we show locations of log files in commonly used operating systems Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac. Windows In windows log files or stored in event viewer, which is easy to find simply search event viewer and run it. Event viewer is simply look like the figure as given below, where we can see all log files of the system and applications. Figure : Log Files Managements in Windows Linux/Unix In mainly all linux and unix operating systems log files are stored in the /var/log directory. Mainly system log files are hidden in linux and unix operating systems to see complete list of log files from shell simply type ls –l /var/log/ command in shell. In the below figure we show log files in BackTrack linux operating system Figure : Log Files Management in Linux/Unix Mac To get or access log files in MAC operating system simply open finder and select â€Å"Go to Folder† in the Go menu. Type in /Library/Logs and hit Enter here you get the screen like as given in figure which contains all log files. Figure : Log Files Management in Mac OS X To manipulation of log files data an attacker must have root privileges. Challenges in Manipulation of Log Files If the system administrator configures its system to transfer all log files on the remote server time to time, in that case an attacker or penetration tester can only stop log files transfer process except it they have no other way. Hiding Files Various Tools for Covering Tracks There are so many to compromise a system but after compromising the system the attack must need to cover their tracks because each and every activity that attacker can do is stored or recorded by the system. Every system have different way to record the activity that occurs in the system. Every attacker must covers their tracks that are recorded by the system so that no one can identify him.

Development of Hard Water Sensor using Fluorescence

Development of Hard Water Sensor using Fluorescence Ph.D. Thesis: Dibyendu Dey Development of hard water sensor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer 7.1. Introduction â€Å"Hard water† has high mineral content in compare to â€Å"soft water†. Generally the hard water is not harmful to one’s health, but can cause serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness should be monitored to avoid breakdowns of the costly equipments that handle water. The hardness of water is determined by the concentration of multivalent cations in water. The most common cations found in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+. The presence of dissolved carbonate minerals (CaCO3 and MgCO3) provide a temporary hardness in water, which can be reduced either by boiling the water or by addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) [1, 2]. On the other hand the dissolved chloride minerals (CaCl2 and MgCl2) cause the permanent hardness of water that can not be removed easily, as it becomes more soluble as the temperature increases [3]. In that sense it is very important to identify the permanent hardness of water before use. The FRET phenomenon may be very effective tool for the designing of hard water sensors. Based on the FRET between two laser dyes here we demonstrated a hard water sensor. To the best of our knowledge this could be the first attempt, where FRET process has been used for the detection of the hardness of water. FRET between two molecules is an important physical phenomenon, where transfer of energy from an excited fluorophore to a suitable acceptor fluorophore occurred [4, 5]. This technique is very important for the understanding of some biological systems and has potential applications in optoelectronic and thin film devices [6–10]. Combining FRET with optical microscopy, it is possible to determine the approach between two molecules within nanometers. The main requirements for the FRET to occur are (i) sufficient overlap between the absorption band of acceptor fluorophore and the fluorescence band of donor fluorophore and (ii) both the donor and acceptor molecule must be in cl ose proximity of the order of 1–10 nm [4, 5]. The intervening of solvent or other macromolecules has little effect on the FRET efficiency. If the distance between the donor and acceptor changes then FRET efficiency also changes. In this chapter of the present thesis we tried to investigate the effect of Mg2+ or Ca2+ or both on the FRET efficiency between two fluorophores, Acf and RhB in presence of nanoclay sheet laponite. Here we have chosen Mg2+ or Ca2+ because the presence of these two cations mainly determines the extent of hardness of the water. Our investigation showed that FRET efficiency decreases with increasing salt concentration. It has also been demonstrated that with proper calibration, FRET between Acf and RhB can be used to sense the hardness of water. 7.2. Experimental 7.2.1. Solution preparation Both the dyes Acf and RhB were used in our studies are cationic in nature. The clay mineral used in the present work was Laponite. Dye solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water. For spectroscopic measurement the solution concentration was optimized at 10−6M. In order to check the effect of hard water components (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) on spectral charecteristics, MgCl2 and CaCl2 were added to the dye solution. The clay dispersion was prepared using Millipore water and stirred for 24 h with a magnetic stirrer followed by 30 min ultrasonication before use. The concentration of clay was kept fixed at 2 ppm throughout the experiment. To check the effect of clay on the spectral characteristics the dye solutions (Acf and RhB) were prepared in the clay suspensions (2 ppm). In order to check the effect of salt on spectral characteristics in presence of clay, first of all the salts were added in the clay dispersion at different concentration. Then the dyes were added in the salt mixed clay dispersions. In all cases the clay concentration was 2 ppm and the dye concentration was 10−6M. 7. 3. Results and discussion 7.3.1. Sensing of Hard Water by FRET FRET between Acf and RhB has already been studied and the results are shown in details in chapter 5 of this thesis. Here in this chapter we have used this same FRET pair for the sensing of water hardness. Our main purpose is to detect CaCl2 and MgCl2 or their mixture as a permanent hard water component in aqueous solution by using the FRET process between Acf and RhB. Fluorescence spectra of aqueous solution of Acf-RhB mixture in presence of MgCl2, CaCl2 and their mixture (CaCl2+MgCl2) have been studied (figure 7.1). For all the cases, the concentration of CaCl2/MgCl2/their mixture was kept at 0.06 mg/ml, which is the initializing concentration of hard water known as moderately hard water. Fig. 7.1. Fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB (1:1 volume ratio) in water solution (1), with MgCl2 (2), CaCl2 (3), and CaCl2+MgCl2 (4), pure Acf (5), pure RhB (6). Dye concentration was 10-6M and salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml. It was observed that the transfer of energy from Acf to RhB decreased in presence of salt (shown in table 7.1). The FRET efficiencies are calculated by using the Fà ¶rster theory. The introduction of cationic Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the solution may cause an increase in the electrostatic repulsion between cationic Acf and RhB molecules which can result in a large intermolecular separation. Accordingly, the FRET efficiency decreases. Samples E% Acf+RhB 11.37 Acf+RhB+ CaCl2 1.7 Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 5.2 Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 +CaCl2 4.38 Acf+RhB+clay 78.17 Acf+RhB+ CaCl2 with clay 37.78 Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 with clay 51.59 Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 +CaCl2 with clay 48.18 Table 7.1 Values of energy transfer efficiency (E %) for Acf and RhB mixture (1:1 volume ratio) in different conditions. The salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml (moderately hard water). Fig. 7.2. Fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB (1:1 volume ratio) in clay suspension (1), with MgCl2 (2), CaCl2 (3), and CaCl2+MgCl2 (4) pure Acf with clay (5), pure RhB with clay (6). Dye concentration was 10-6M and clay concentration was 2 ppm and salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml. In the present study our aim is to design a sensor which can sense the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ or both by observing the change in FRET efficiency. Accordingly it is very important to have large FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB as well as noticeable change in FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB due to the introduction of hard water components (Ca2+ or Mg2+), so that we can use it as a hard water sensor with minimum error level. Accordingly in order to enhance the FRET efficiency, we have incorporated nano clay laponite in Acf-RhB mixture (figure 7.2). It has been observed that the FRET efficiency increases in presence of laponite particle. The reason of increase in FRET efficiecy in presence of clay has been explained in details in chapter 5. It was also observed that the transfer of energy from Acf to RhB decreases quite remarkably due to the introduction of CaCl2/MgCl2/their mixture for the concentration of 0.06 mg/ml in presence of clay. It was observed that the transfer of ene rgy is much smaller due to the presence of CaCl2 in compare to MgCl2. (Table 7.1 summarize the calculated efficiencies). Fig. 7.3. Schematic representation of FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of clay and salt. The decrease in FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of hard water components, must involve the reaction of the cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) present in hard water with the clay minerals through cation exchange reaction. In general, this bonding energy is of the order: Ca > Mg > K > H > Na. Thus the probability of adsorption of Ca2+ in clay suspension is more than Mg2+. The tendency of Ca2+ ion to interact with the negatively charged clay layers is more compared to Mg2+ ion of same concentration of both clay suspension and salt solution. Accordingly, most of the negative charges in the clay surfaces are neutralized by Ca2+ ion compared to Mg2+ ion and there exists very few unoccupied negative charges on the clay surface for the cationic dye molecules to be adsorbed. As a result the separation between the cationic dye molecules increases more in CaCl2 solution rather than MgCl2 leading to a less FRET in presence of CaCl2 compare to MgCl2 (shown schemetically in figure 7.3). 7.3.2. Variation of salt concentration In order to check the extent of hardness on the FRET efficiency, we have measured the fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB mixture with different salt (MgCl2, CaCl2, and MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration in presence of clay laponite and the FRET efficiency have been calculated. It has been observed that the FRET efficiency decreases with increasing salt concentration of either MgCl2 or CaCl2, or their mixture (figure 7.4). This result suggests that it is possible to sense the hardness of water by observing the change in FRET efficiency with salt concentration. Fig. 7.4. The fluorescence spectra of Acf–RhB mixture in presence of clay with varying amount of salt (MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration viz. 0.05 mg/ml (1), 0.06 mg/ml (2) and 0.12 mg/ml (3). Inset shows the variation of FRET efficiency as a function of salt concentration of either MgCl2 or CaCl2, or CaCl2+ MgCl2 mixture from 0.03 mg/ml to 0.20 mg/ml. Salt concentration (mg/ml) FRET efficiency (E%) in presence of MgCl2 CaCl2 MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture 0.03 78.52 64.27 73.73 0.05 71.55 55.32 68.34 0.06 51.59 37.78 48.18 0.08 32.47 18.75 21.57 0.12 19.67 10.54 13.48 0.20 11.34 5.67 07.38 Table 7.2 Values of energy transfer efficiency (E %) for Acf-RhB mixture (1:1 volume ratio) at different salt (MgCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration in presence of clay. MgCl2 and CaCl2 mixture were prepared by adding 1:1 volume ratio of individual salts of same concentration. 7.3.3. Design of sensor In the process of hard water sensing first of all clay (laponite) dispersion will be prepared using the sample water followed by addition of dyes (Acf and RhB). By observing the FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB it would be possible to sense the hardness of the test water. Fig. 7.5. FRET efficiency of Acf-RhB mixture for the different concentration of CaCl2 + MgCl2 in presence of clay (values of FRET efficiencies were calculated from spectra of Fig. 7.4). From figure 7.5 it has been observed that the FRET efficiency for 0.06 mg/ml and 0.12 mg/ml concentration are 48.2% and 13.5% respectively. If the FRET efficiency is observed to be higher than 48.2%, then the water will be recognized as soft water whereas, if the efficiency lies in between 13.5% and 48.2% then the water will be recognized as moderately hard. On the other hand if the observed FRET efficiency is less than 13.5% then the water will be recognized as very hard. Therefore with proper calibration it is possible to design a hard water sensor which can sense hard water very easily. 7.4. Conclusion In order to demonstrate hard water sensor based on FRET, we have investigated the FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of salts CaCl2 or MgCl2 or both. It was observed that the presence of hard water components Ca2+ or Mg2+ or both affected the FRET efficiency to a large extent. In presence of CaCl2 or MgCl2 the FRET efficiency is decreased to 37.78% and 51.59%, respectively. With suitable calibration of these results it is possible to design a hard water sensor that can sense the water hardness within the range 0.03–0.2 mg/ml. Here the incorporation of clay platelate laponite enhances the sensing efficiency.

Comparing the Social Criticism of Voltaires Candide and Samuel Johnso

Comparing the Social Criticism of Voltaire's Candide and Samuel Johnson's Rasselas      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Johnson and Voltaire were both writers of enormous social conscience in the eighteenth century. It is not surprising then to discover that both men wrote short tales dealing primarily with criticism of the human condition. Ironically, these books were written and published within weeks of each other in 1759 (Enright 16). Johnson's Rasselas and Voltaire's Candide are strikingly similar in their use of the episodic and romantic picaresque motifs. The underlying purpose within each author's criticism, however, allows many differences in the two tales to surface. The author's intentions diverge beyond superficial similarities and each work develops a unique vantage point from which to observe humanity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neither work can be accused of being a realistic tale. These moral fables are set in a fantastic, utopian, and ludicrous world. The distance from the reader in each tale is quite different, however. Johnson places realistic characters in an unrealistic world. He remains on the same level with his characters, describing the situations and environment in which they find themselves. In this manner the reader can identify with and feel empathy for the characters in Rasselas. They are thinking, caring, fallible human beings equal to the reader and the author.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voltaire creates a chasm between humanity and the world of Candide. The reader laughs not only at the situation or environment, for the characters are just as ludicrous as the world in which they live. It is possible that Voltaire wants his audience to assume a position of moral superiority when reading the tale. The reader cannot take characte... ...liography Enright, D.J.   Introduction.   The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johnson. London: Penguin Group, 1976.   p.12,16.  Ã‚   Hill, G.B.   Introduction. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johnson.   Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887.   p.17.  Ã‚   Johnson, Samuel. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. Ed. Enright, D.J.   London: Penguin Group,1988.   p.43,45,65,103   Johnson, Samuel.   "The Rambler No.184."   Rpt. in Enright, D.J.   Introduction. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johnson. London: Penguin Group, 1976. p.32.  Ã‚   Maurois, Andre.   "The Sage of Ferney."   Voltaire.   New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1932.   Rpt. in Candide.   Trans. Bair, Lowell.   New York: Bantam Books, 1988.   P.6-7.  Ã‚   Voltaire.   Candide.   Trans. Bair, Lowell.   New York: Bantam Books, 1988.   p.73,120.   

Sylvan Learning Systems Case Study Essay -- Education Tutoring Essays

Sylvan Learning Systems Case Study The Sylvan case study illustrates the challenges of building value and improving business performance through an acquisition and diversification strategy that did not coincide with the capabilities and competencies that originally built the Sylvan brand. Sylvan was founded by W. Berry Fowler in 1979 and during his six year tenure, Berry developed the franchise business model, training and educational programs, and teaching methodology that provided Sylvan with a competitive advantage in the education industry.1 Berry Fowler built his business strategy through an intimate understanding of customers needs and developed Sylvan’s core competencies around providing supplemental education designed to fill the educational gaps experienced by students. 1 Upon Berry’s departure, Sylvan’s new CEO, Douglas Becker, embarked on a corporate-level strategy of related diversification. However, this strategy did not successfully translate into financial economies between business es nor did it obtain significant market power through these additional levels of educational diversification.2 To that end, this case study will look more closely at Sylvan’s process of diversification and acquisition strategy, management’s leadership as Sylvan transitioned from their founder and the new course the organization charted to address additional challenges for the new millennium. W. Berry Fowler founded Sylvan Learning Center with an investment of $14,500 in 1979.1 As a former teacher and through his own experience of receiving tutoring help during college, Fowler hoped to prevent students falling short academically by filling the educational/learning gaps left by students’ primary educational provider.1 During his six year tenure, Fowler built Sylvan’s competitive advantage through its low cost franchise model, educational programs and teaching methodology. Of particular importance to the success of Sylvan Learning Centers (and sustained competitive advantage) was the ability to capitalize on the expertise and resources of local franchise owners (Fowler lacked the capital to expand on his own) and gain maximum benefit from knowledge they diffused throughout the organization.2 Additionally, through a focused strategy of augmenting K-12 educational services offered by the public school system, Sylvan was able to capitalize and to integrate their i... ...e activities and focus that were critical to the Sylvan’s earlier success (i.e. Sylvan Ventures). That being said, Sylvan’s recent split into two companies to allow better focus and better investment decisions is clearly a gigantic step in the right direction. The goal of this restructuring through down scoping was to reduce Sylvan’s level of diversification, to eliminate unrelated businesses that didn’t serve a strategic purpose, and to help top-level managers refocus on the core business.2 In the case for Laureate, Becker and his top management can solely focus on post-secondary education. For Educate, Inc, Chris Hoehn-Seric and his top-management can solely focus on the K-12 education market. With this focus, Educate, Inc and Laureate should marshal their resources to continue to define and mine opportunities in their respective segments of the fragmented educational market. References: 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashaye, Cotts, Gray, Perry, â€Å"Sylvan Learning Systems†, Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hoskisson, Hitt, Ireland, â€Å"Competing for Advantage†, Thomson Learning 2004. 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate, Inc., http://www.educate-inc.com 4. Laureate Education, Inc., http://www.laureate-inc.com

Statement of Purpose/ Personal Statement

The world’s economies are facing many challenges and there is an urgent need for quick, effective solutions to address these never-ending issues in order to safeguard the lives of billions of people whose lives depend on it. Therefore, choosing economics does not come as a surprise given that; for the past seven years I have ensured and built a solid career in accounting which will definitely be applicable in the course. I have grasped the way the accounting system works, how numbers play a big role in the business world and how this figures impact on an individuals or country’s economy. I have chosen to further my education at University of Wyoming undertaking a doctorate in economics because I feel confident that this course will greatly benefit me, it is more than a stepping stone in the advancement of my career and I know my personal qualities of being a hard worker, very resourceful and a great team player can be productively applied. My academic qualifications as seen in my transcripts show that I am passionate when it comes to my studies and always work towards achieving good grades. I attended King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia (2001-2005) where I successfully graduated with a Bachelors Degree in Accounting. In 2007, I enrolled at Johnson and Wales University, USA where I am currently pursuing my Masters in Business Administration specifically in Global Business Leadership with concentrations in accounting. In my studies I have gained knowledge on a number of areas that are essential in this course which include: auditing, corporate taxation, strategic and effective communication, laws of accounting, professional ethics, and strategic services in marketing and financial management. All this and some of the undergraduate courses especially the few arts disciplines and research will go a long way in helping me understand the course more. My work experience at Almutawa Press Company from 2002 to 2005 gave me an opportunity to know how businesses operate and how the skills we learn in school are very necessary in any organization. I am very reliable when it comes to completing tasks and in meeting tight and strict deadlines. Furthermore, I can multi-task and prioritize and my pride lies in a job well done. I possess a highly dependable attitude that is both strong and professional which enables me to strive and excel in a fast paced, high volume and stressful working environment. Other than education and work, I have had the privilege of learning and living in a different country from where I was born and this has enabled me to interact with people from different parts of the world. I have embraced different cultures and practices and my experiences with them have made me a better person in terms of being more knowledgeable in matters other than academics and at the same time appreciative of other people’s views on life as well as knowing how different economies operate with regards to the policies they use. I have great plans for my future since my aim is to come up with better economic policies that will be used all over the world and work with great companies and individuals. It will be a great honor joining and advancing my career at University of Wyoming and be part of a world class teaching and research institution that is focused on helping people build their careers professionally while equipping them with skills that last a life time.

Music and Personality

Music and reputation What Does Your Taste In Music identify About YourPersonality? Could the playlists lurking on your iPod really reveal information about your spirit? Research conducted by psychologists Jason Rentfrow and Sam Gosling suggests that crafty the type of medical specialty you get word to merchantman rattling lead to surprisingly right predictions about your constitution. For example, look intoers institute that people could garner accurate judgments about an individuals levels of extraversion, creativity and open-mindedness later on perceiveing to ten of their favorite verses.Extraverts unravel to seek out birdsongs with heavily cryptic lines, while those who ravish more(prenominal) coordination compound modalitys such as jazz and neo neoclassical practice of medicine tend to be more yeasty and shoot higher IQ-scores. wherefore euphony is such a operative part of peoples identity? People whitethorn define their tuneful identity by wear ing cross clothes, going to legitimate pubs, and using certain types of slang. So its not so surprising that personality should be colligate to unisonal comedy preference. People can stick with to defensive about what they uniform to listen to, as it is the likely to be deep linked to their outlook on life.The subject ara alike demonstrates the tribal function of practice of medicineal taste that can explain wherefore people often bond e reallywhere medication. North (scientist) noted that classical and punishing coat symphony twain attracts listeners with standardized personalities hardly dis identical ages. Younger members of the personality group app arntly go for heavy admixture, while their older counterparts prefer classical. However, both sire the diversenessred basic pauperization to hear something dramatic and theatrical, a shargond pick out of the grandiose, he said. The general humanity has held a stereotype of heavy metal fans being suicida lly depressed and being a danger to themselves and society in general, he said, exactly they are quite balmy things. Aside from their age, theyre basically the identical kind of person as a classical music fan. Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also like Wagner, because its big, loud and brash. Theres also a reek of check in both heavy disceptation and classical music, and I suspect that this is what theyre really seeing to get at when they listen to that kind of music.I think that both types of music, classical and heavy metal, both have something of the spiritual about them theyre very dramatic a lot happens. The study conducted by look forers at Heriot-Watt University looked at more than 36,000 participants from all over the world. Participants were asked to rate more than 104 different musical hyphens in profit to offering information about aspects of their personality. Of chassis this helps explain why people who like the same styles of music tend t o stick together, moreover it goes deeper than barely a similar interests thing its al closely suggests a new kind of tribalism.He described the line upings as dramatic and surprising. To my mind, writing a characterization of my group, describing their tastes and trying to reveal what kind of music they do prefer would give me a really hard time. We have something in viridity. Those 4 years of co-existing in the same community brought up the similar views on particular things and music is one of them. Thats why if I asked them what style of music they prefer, they would probably answer, I cant say exactly. I listen to everything that I like, to everything that is pleasant to my ear. I know those guys, most of them would answer this way, believe me. =) So Ive decided to grass a test, just in that location, on the spot. To find out what kind of music appeals to them more and consequently watch over something new about their personal traits. (Unfortunately I didnt have an opp ortunity to try it out, but anyway the preparation itself was serviceable and interesting experience for me). I have 10 tracks (songs) on the CD, each bookman is to decide which song appeal to him more. unless mind Only one song The number of the song refers to the number of the style of music in the list be execrable. . dadaism Do you prefer to listen to the run 40 hits? Do the latest tracks from Rhianna, Selena Gomez and Flo Rida make up your workout mix? If so, chances are that you also tend to be extroverted, well(p) and conventional. slice pop music lovers are hard-working and have high self-assertion, searchers suggests that they tend to be less creative and more uneasy. 2. pick apart and Hip/Hop Are betray Dogg and Dr. Dre more your style? In filth of the stereotype that rap lovers are more aggressive or violent, researchers have actually plant no such link.Rap fans do tend to have high self-esteem and are ordinarily outgoing. 3. Country Would you or else watc h CMT instead of MTV? Country music fans are typically hardworking, conventional and outgoing. While country songs are often touch on on heartbreak, people who gravitate towards this music musical genre tend to be very emotionally stable. 4. Rock / Heavy Metal contempt the sometimes aggressive image that contestation music and heavy metal project, researchers pitch that fans of this style of music are usually quite gentle. They tend to be creative, but are often introverted and may suffer from low self-esteem. 5.Indie ( Just in case Independent music (often pint-sized to indie music or indie) is music produced sovereignly from major commercial demonstrate labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, Do-It-Yourself approach to transcription and publishing. The term indie is sometimes also used to describe a genre (such as indie rock or indie pop) as a genre term, indie may include music that is not independently produced, and most independent musi c artists do not fall into a single, defined musical style or genre and usually pee music that can be categorise into other genres. Do you love pursuance out obscure bands and indie artists? Fans of the indie genre are typically introverted, apt and creative. fit in to researchers, they also tend to be less hard-working and less gentle. Passivity, anxiousness and low self-esteem are other common personality characteristics. 6. Dance Do you love the fast-paced rhythms of dance music? According to researchers, people who prefer dance music are usually outgoing and assertive. 7. ClassicalClassical music lovers are typically more introverted, but are also at tranquillize with themselves and the world around them. They are creative and have a good sense of self-esteem. 8. Jazz, Blues and Soul People who enjoy jazz, blues or soul music were found to be more extraverted with high self-esteem. They also tend to be very creative, intelligent and at ease. The research has also looked a t income vs music tastes, and found that higher income music loves like punchy and enkindle music, whereas lower income listeners prefer more restful music in general.Of course there will always be exceptions, but his findings were quite telling on a general level. The research also found that as a whole, people who are into music are fairly well-rounded, creative and at ease with themselves. Much of his research is described in his book . As this is the first time that this type of research has been done in a scientific way, there is still much to find out. So, the next time you are set together a playlist to listen to during your commute or workout, consider how your personality might be reflected in your song choices.

Medicines and drugs Essay

A medicine or medicine is a chemical that bowdlerises incoming sensory sensations, mood or emotions, or physiological state.Pain starters, h onlyucinogens and alcoholic drinks be examples of drugs and medicines that convert incoming sensory sensations.Prozac and alcohol alter mood or emotionsSteroids, cigargonttes and purport medicines alter physiological state, including consciousness, activity level or coordination.Drugs such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as antiseptics, antibiotics and antivirals be infection fighters horm nonp beils and vitamins affect frame chemistry or metabolism stimulants, depressants, analgesics and anesthetics affect the rudimentary neuronic system and the brain.It is to a fault significant to recognise that the pitying body has great inbred amelio valuate processes close to drugs just adjoin the rate of natural healing.Also, there could be a placebo answer, it is when a pharmacologically inert substance that imprint sees to hel p beca utilise the mortal taking the substance was told that it would performance.Placebo effect is examined by grown sugar pills to superstar throng of campaigns patients, and real drugs to some contrasting group (when they be non aw be of which they receive).B.1.2 delimitate the stages involved in research, feste exceptt and testing of parvenue pharmaceutical products.This takes a in truth long condemnation and be a fortune, and is often dictationled by the government. earlier drugs atomic number 18 tested on humans, they must(prenominal) be testing on various wights (start with lesser animals and beca social occasion go to bigger ones).The range of utile do drugss, the doses in which side- do arise and the lethal doses abide to be de terminalined.thither be 3 phases so clinical rivulet clinical evaluation (to a greater extent in depth analysis) human studies with more evaluation,Very few drugs make it to the market, and the development would have c ost a lot. roughly eras, things dirty dog bland go wrong, like Thalidomide. It was given to pregnant women to work on morning sickness, hardly it ca intent deformities in babies forthwith it is still apply, but to trickle on throw together sores.B.1.3. break the polar methods of administering drugs* Oral Very convenient. moreover, it force non be reli qualified as the rate of submergence depends on drug concentration out, have a bun in the oven content and pH value. As most is absorbed in the refined intestines, so the drug must blend in the supportal cutting. thitherfore it often lays in time arc capsules.* Rectal wide-cut when drug move non be taken orally due to vomiting or because the drug is pH sensitive.* Inhalation Rapid, as there ar loads of lineage vessels in the lungs, and thus a drug would have a reliable effect. Good for general anaesthesia, and asthma medicine.* Parentalo clean be little the skin slower than for intravenous. Used often for a lveolar injectionso Into muscles for rotund doses, or when prompt response is not needed (vaccines etc).o intravenous almost instantaneous, but bunsnot be un put one acrosse when injected butterball lipids whitethorn puzzle some configurations of drugs, so the drugs wont leave the body so bettingThe half life of a drug is the time for half the dose in the body to be eliminated.B.1.4. argue the terms lethal dosage (LD50), allowance and side set up.LD50 is the lethal dose for 50% of the state and it varies a lot from drug to drug.When one is tolerant, consequently one has to take a larger dose in order to feel the wanted make.Some people after often use of a drug be commences dependant on it tangiblely (they must have it to be able to function physically) or psychologically (they must have it to feel right). allowance doesnt necessarily mean that one gets utilize to the insalubrious effects.Sometimes it is difficult to know the deflection between important effect a nd side effect. A drug has many a(prenominal) effects, and some patients good from a few of those effects then those are the main effects, and all the separate are side effects. someone else, with an opposite disease whitethorn benefit from other effects, and then those become the main effects. There are al slipway pestilential effects too.The risk benefit ratio should excessively be considered.B.2.1. State and develop how excess hotity in the stomach fag end be reduced by the use of disagreeent bases.Bases, most often metal oxides, hydroxides, carbon paperates or heat content carbonates are utilize as bollockstric antacids. These react with acid in the stomach to adjust the pH value.The procedure of gastric acid is to kill off bacteria, and help in digestion. However, over-eating or stress stimulates more employment of acid, ca use discomfort.The active ingredients tend to be this react single with HClMagnesium OxideMagnesium Hydroxide aluminium HydroxideCalciu m CarbonateSodium henry CarbonateMagnesium TrisilicateSome of the products Carbon dioxide is a gas. So a foaming gene has to be added to prohibit excessive belching. Also alginates are use, to maintain acid reflux.If too much(prenominal) antacid is used, the stomach becomes too underlying, and that hurts too then more antacid might be wrongly taken. This break downs to alkalosis.B.3.2. pull the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of victimisation aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen)Salicylic acid is used as an anti-pyretic (fever reducer) and mild analgesic ( aggravatorkiller), but it is a noticeable acid and hurts the stomach and verbalize so variations of salicylic acid was used. unmatched is Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) or Aspirin, which has the benefits of salicylic acid and does not get to so much due to the ethanoyl radical group.When ASA reacts with water, it becomes salicylic acid, and the by-pr oduct of ethanoic acid.GOOD It is good for killing low disoblige, reducing fever, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent and prevents abnormal store change state.BAD Upsets stomach and shed blood allergy accidental poisoning in infants and Reyes syndrome.Acetaminophen is also an anti-pyretic and analgesic. However it does not bowl over the stomach and is safe. However, o.d. can still choke and lead to colored and brain damage. And it is not anti-inflammatory.ibuprofen is like aspirin and cause fewer stomach problems. It is anti-inflammatory and is very safe.B.3.3. liken the grammatical constructions of morphine, codeine and the semi-synthetic opiate heroin.These are strong analgesics and are often called opiates, narcotics or narcotic analgesics. The major(ip) pain relieving substance originates from the opium poppy plant is eternal sleep bring forth and pain relieving.All three share the aforementioned(prenominal) skeleton. Remember the group C2H3O2 is called an acetyl group.B.3.4. deal the advantages and disadvantages of employ morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics.These affects The Central restless System, the Eye and the Gastrointestinal tract (the digestive system)They are used as Strong analgesics (severe pain from flaw and chronic diseases) hatchment of diarrhoea, relinquish coughing.However they are very addictive and are rather replaced with something else.They also levy mood transforms, drowsiness and mental clouding. tolerance can arise by adaptation of the colored-colored and neurons in the brain.Some people cant function without the drug, feeling restlessness, sweating, fever, chills, vomiting, aches etc due to abstinence of the drug.There is often severe psychological dependance too (one might feel extremely depressed).Short term effects Sedation, stupor, pain relief, euphoria, reduced tensity, worry, couching reflex. iodine might die of overdose. huge term effects acquittance of appetite, sterility, withdrawa l illness, crime, diversion of energy.B.4.1. Describe the effects of depressantsTranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics, which composure and relax they slow down heart rate and internal respiration.Tranquilizers include alcohol, diazepam and Librium and are weaker than the others. These relieve misgiving and tension.Sedatives Barbituates that soothe distress without producing much sleep in small doses.Hypnotics Like chloral hydrate. These induce sleep. in any case much can lead to coma or teach.B.4.2. Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol.Social effects Major costs from alcohol are from sickness and death, as in hospital spread overments and lost efficiency. Property crimes and crimes against people crapulence while driving.Physiological effects Harmful to relationships, and whitethorn physically or emotionally harm others. One may lose control and develop dependence and tolerance.It adjoins blood nip when drinking and nausea, sweating and anxiety as withdrawal of use.Short-term effects primaeval nervous system depressant reduces tension. It triggers Euphoria, Talkativeness, Dilation of blood vessels, Violent behaviours, Inertia, Coma, Death.Long term effects Cirrhosis, coloured cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, gastritis, low stemma muckle etc.Alcohol can be used for antiseptics such as mouthwashes.B.4.3. Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath of in the blood or urine.Ethanol passes from the stomach into the blood and thence it passes into the lungs and ethanol vapour is formed.The breathalyser test might involve a redox equating with potassium dichromate as oxidizing agent. tint change Red-Orange to GreenThe gas liquid chromatography works as follows Small samples of gases and volatile liquids such ethanol are separated. These are pushed through a column utilise an unimportant gas, such as Nitrogen gas and different gases take differ ent time to come to the detector, where concentration of gases are measured.Intoxilyzer, Infra-red spectroscopy Infra-red energy make molecules vibrate. Different types of bonds absorb and vibrate at different infer-red frequencies. By measuring how much energy is not absorbed by the molecules, one can amaze the number of certain bonds in the molecules.B.4.4. Describe the interactive effects of ethanol with other drugs.Alcohol is considerably absorbed in the stomach, so drugs that can be dissolved in alcohol will be absorbed much quicker, and the dosage will seem higher as in normal conditions the liver removes a pop of the drug. So performance of the drug is enhanced and may lead to devastating effects such as death, peculiarly if alcohol is have with barbituates. Alcohol with aspirin join ons the risk of stomach bleeding.B.4.5 . advert other commonly used depressants and describe their structures.Valium (diazepam) is a tranquilizer, Mogadon (Nitrazepam) is a hypnotic drug ( used to control seizures and infantile spasms), Prozac (hydrochloride) is an anti-depressant drug used to treat mental depression.Diazepam and Nitrazepam have similar carbon skeletons meanwhile Prozac is different.B.5.1. List the physiological effects of stimulants.Stimulants are chemicals that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system. It is the opposite of a depressant. These increase alertness. Examples are amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine.B.5.2. Compare amphetamines and adrenalineThey both derive from the phenylethylamine structure, and consequently prospect similar. Furthermore, amphetamines mimic the effects of adrenaline (they are adrenergic drugs), as they constrict arteries and thus increases sweat production. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and insomnia.Medical uses enshroud mild depression, narcolepsy and asthma.They use up the bodys reserve energy and can lead to a collapse.B.5.3 Discuss the little(a)- and long-term effects of nicotin e consumption.Tobacco is a source of nicotine which is a mild stimulant with a short lived effect. The response is followed by depression and thereby makes one pushed to use it more often.Short-term gain in heart-rate and blood pressure. It constricts blood vessels and therefore strains the heart. Nicotine also reduces urine output.Long term effects of nicotine It stresses hard and may lead to heart diseases and blood clot May lead to increase of fatty acids in the blood. locoweed leads to more carbon monoxide in the blood making the blood less able to carry blood. It also increases the gastric acid production and may lead to ulcer.Smoking causes Cancer in lungs and mouth heart and blood vessel disease breathing difficulties and chronic bronchitis air pollution fires bad teething insomnia.B.5.4. Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine. caffein stimulates the respiratory system (more energy is addressable from respiration), so heart and br ain gets more energy. So one becomes more alert, motivated and well-being. In small amounts in is rather immaculate, but too much causes insomnia. One gets more urine as well.Caffeine leads to some tolerance but no physical addiction. It can be given to babies to help their breathing. It also constricts blood vessels and therefore helps against migraines.Both caffeine and nicotine obtain a tertiary amine group. Caffeine has more of those though.B.6.1. Describe the historical development of penicillins.In 1928, Fleming unexpectedly saw that some types of fungi killed off a certain bacterium and started to try to isolate the fungi, but it was too hard to purify it. In 1940, Floray and stove continued with penicillin testing and development, and in 1943 it was available clinically.The showtime penicillin was Penicillin G. However it was deactivated by stomach acid so it had to be injected. Acid resistance penicillins such as penicillin V was developed by modifying the side drawi ng string of the basic penicillin structure. Some bacteria could deactivate penicillin G by synthesising an enzyme, therefore one had to make other synthetic penicillins. 6-APA penicillin is inert, but an extra amino group H2N would activate it.B.6.2. Compare broad spectrum and constringe spectrum antibioticsA broad spectrum antibiotics is effective against a wide regeneration of bacteria. Examples are tetracyclines.Narrow ones are effective only against certain types of bacteria most penicillins are narrow spectrum antibiotics.One often has to determine the bacterium in the first place getting antibiotics, because a broad-spectrum one can kill beneficial bacteria and give discomfort.B.6.3. Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side chain.The cell walls of some bacteria are composed of polysaccharides, and these layers are back up by cross-links. However, penicillins interfere with the formation of these links and therefore weaken the structure. T he bacteria can easily burst. Animals cells dont have these cell walls and are therefore not affected.It is important to modify the side chain to work against bacteria have evolved and are able to break down certain types of penicillin. Side set up are also added to make the penicillin work (as for the 6-APA) and to survive the gastric acid (Penicillin G)B.6.4. Discuss and explain the effect over prescription of penicillins has, and the use of penicillins in animal feedstockRepeated use may lead to hypersensitized reactions.They can also wipe out harmless and beneficial bacteria in the food canal, and harmful bacteria might eventually replace these.bacteria can become resistant against certain antibiotics and then pass on their immunity.In feedstock They are used to kill dangerous pathogens which may otherwise waylay humans and animals. They are also used to increase productivity.However, this increases the chances that bacteria might become resistant.B.7.1. State how viruses dif fer from bacteriaBacteria are relatively large single cell microorganism with DNA strands. Viruses are noncellular and are much smaller and are not living. They can only reproduce at heart a host cell.B.7.2. Describe the different shipway in which antiviral drugs work* pile the point of genetic information* Control by inoculation, vaccines.* Block the enzyme activity in a host cell, so that the virus cant use it to replicate.B.7.3. Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problemHIV molecules bind to proteins on T-type of white blood cells and hinder them from scrap infections by inactivating them. HIV virus is good at mutating and together with their similarities with human cells, it is very heard to treat with antiviral drugs and vaccines.B.8.1. Describe the importance of geometrical isomerism in drug action.Stereoisomers are isomers with the same molecular jurisprudence and the same structural formula, but different battle array of atoms in space.Geoemetri c isomers have different physical properties such as polarity, boiling point, and solubility etc. They may also undergo different t chemical reactions although their functional groups are identical.For example cisplatin is en effective anti-cancer drug (as it may enter the nucleus of a cancerous cell), but the trans-isomers is inactive in such purposes.B.8.2. Discuss the importance of chirality in drug action. ocular isomers differ from geometric isomers in two ways* Optical isomers are chiral (asymmetric)* Optical isomers are non-superimposable reflect images of each otherOne optical isomer rotates the weather sheet polarized light one direction, meanwhile its other isomer rotates it the other way.An equi-molar mixture of two enantiomorphs means a 50-50 ration and will not totate the plane of polarised light at all this is a racemic mixture.Penicillin V is active, but its enantiomer is inactive.One enantiomer of Thalidomide could be used to treat morning sickness in pregnant wome n and was marketed as a racemix mixture, but its other enantiomer gave fetal deformities.B.8.3. Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomer.It is very heard to separate racemic mixtures into separate enantiomers, as they have identical chemical properties in relation to non-chiral reagents. Instead, scientists use stereospecific synthesis to produce only one kind of enantiomer. Chiral auxiliaries are used to convert non-chiral molecules into a desired enantiomer by attching itself chemically to the non-chiral molecule so that only one type of enantiomer can be formed. After the procedure the auxiliary can be recycled. This is used when synthesising Taxol which isa drug effective against breast cancer.B.8.4. Explain the use of combinatorial chemistry to combine new drugs.This is when one creates lots of molecules and test them pronto for biological properties one starts with a set of basic chemicals which are then combined in all possible combinations, a nd this allows a fast production of many different molecules, increasing the chance of finding make better drugs.A library is a collection of compounds that are screened to determine their usefulness as a drug, using parallel synthesis (identical processes with many different molecules at the same time).B.9.1. Compare local and general anesthetic(a)s in terms of their modes of actionLocal anaesthetics block the pain in specific areas when they are injected under the skin or used as a crme. Examples are cocaine, procaine, benzococaine, lidocaine etc. These block local brass section transmissions and decrease blood supply to that area. Procaine and lidocaine do not affect the brain, meanwhile cocaine does. ecumenic anaesthetics affect the brain and produce unconsciousness. But it is light(a) to reverse the unconsciousness. Examples are nitrous oxide, diethyl ether, chloroform, cyclopropane and halothane.B.9.2. Compare the structures and effects of cocaine, procaine and lidocaine. All three have the benzol ring and the tertiary amine.Cocaine also stimulates the central nervous system. It constricts blood vessels which leads to high blood pressure, and cant be safely used. Although it doesnt produce withdrawal symptoms and tolerance, it produces a strong psychological addiction. An overdose subjugatees heart and respiration.Cocaine has a very short half life as it is metabolized by the liver fast, and is poorly absorbed when taken orally.Procaine gives protracted relief from pain which is good for surgery and dental procedures. It is non-toxic and non-irritant.Lidocaine is used topically to produce numbness. It is more muscular that procaine, but may cause swelling and itching.B.9.3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide, ethoxyethane, trichloromethane, cyclopropane and halothane.Nitrous oxide is not very potent, and makes one feel goodTrichloromethane is nonflammabe, but leads to liver damage. Narrow safety marginEthoxyethane alleviate s the pain in surgery well, but it is very combustible and nonstable.Cyclopropane is a very potent anaesthetics, however it forms detonative mixtures with air and is very flammable. It also causes vomiting and nausea.Halothane is widely used as it is not flammable and one may recover fast from it. It doesnt irritate the respiratory tract. However, it takes time to become unconscious. It is potentially harmful to the ozone layer as it produces chlorine and bromine foreswear radicals.B.9.4. Calculate the partial pressures of component gases in an anaesthetic mixtureThe partial pressure ratios of the total pressure equal the molar ratios of different gas molecules.It is important to have enough oxygen in the anaesthetic mixture so that the patient can live. At least 20% oxygen is neededB.10.1 Describe the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin and tetrahydrocannabinol.Psychadelic drugs like these alter the mind and produces a change in thought, light o r mood and induce vivid fantasies. color seem more brilliant for the user.There are the effects of the mentioned mind altering drugsLSD This is a powerful hallucinogen that strongly magnifies perception and may destroy the sense of judgment. No physical addiction, and not very strong psychological dependence.Mescaline Color hallucinations which last 12 hours.Psilocybin Similar to LSD, especially at high doses, but at low doses produces relaxation. Shortlasting 4 hoursTHC Milder drug similar to alcohol. At larger doses, changes in perception occurs sees bright colorise and gets sharper hearing. May get extreme anxiety, depression, uneasiness, terror attacks etc. There is no tolerance, but could lead to psychological dependence.B.10.2 Discuss the structural similarities and differences between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin.LSD and psilocybin both have the Indole ring (Heterocyclic amine compound where the nitrogen atom is part of a ring).However, mescaline includes the benzene rin g but not the indole ring it does have a primary coil amine.Serotonin also has the indole ring.B.10.3 Discuss the arguments for and against the legalization of cannabis. hempen necktie offers relief from symptoms from AIDS, cancer and glaucoma. Marijuana may increase the appetite, and relieves nausea. Cannabis helps terminally ill patients to relieve tension and anxiety. Marijuana relieves pressure inside the eyeball for glaucoma patients.However there are many bad sides to it too. Smoking marijuana may lead to lung problems and may suppress the immune system. It might lead to decreased fertility rate for men and cause brain damage and birth defects. Users may also start using harder drugs too.Users of proscribe drugs need to obtain it from criminal sources and may therefore be forced into crime to support their habit. It damages the society a lot.