System Analysis and Design Terms - 2700 Words

Close this window | Chapter 1 Glossary | | | Key Term | Definition | Page | adaptive | An adaptive method typically uses a spiral development model, which builds on a series of iterations. | 20 | application development group | Group within a traditional IT department that is composed of systems analysts and programmers who handle information system design, development, and implementation. | 26 | application software | Software such as e-mail, word processors, spreadsheets, and graphics packages used by employees. | 6 | B2B (business-to-business ) | A commercial exchange (e.g. products or services) between businesses, typically enabled by the internet or electronic means. | 9 | B2C (business-to-consumer) | A commercial†¦show more content†¦| 10 | empowerment | A trend that places more responsibility and accountability throughout all levels of an organization. | 16 | end product | A polished, deliverable product, suitable for its intended use. End products or deliverables often coincide with the completion of each SDLC phase. | 21 | end users | Employees, customers, vendors, and others who interact with an information system. | 7 | enterprise applications | Examples of company-wide applications, called enterprise applications, include order processing systems, payroll systems, and company communications networks. | 6 | enterprise computing | Information systems that support company-wide data management requirements, such as airline reservation, or credit card billing systems. | 12 | enterprise resource planning (ERP) | Enterprise applications that provide cost-effective data access for users and managers throughout the company. | 12 | expert systems | Systems that simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules that determine how the knowledge is applied. Is sometimes used interchangeably with Knowledge management systems. | 14 | extensible markup language (XML) | XML is a flexible data description language that allows Web- based communication between different hardware and software environments. | 10 | extreme programming (XP) | Another adaptive method is called Extreme Programming (XP), which focuses on anShow MoreRelatedThe Systems Development Life Cycle1391 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the process of determining how an information system (IS) can support business needs, designing the system, building it, and delivering it to users†[1]. There are several approaches (models) to the SDLC but purpose of the each approach is the same. Each and every process comprises of phases: Planning phase, Analysis phase, Design phase, Implementation phase, and Maintenance phase. The Planning phase is phase related to the planning of the system suchRead MoreA Study On Korean University Curriculum1724 Words   |  7 Pagesalso researched in order to find out whether their engineering programs have any cooperation courses for BIM education. In engineering program, BI M is able to apply on administration of construction process, integrated design delivery project, construction management, structural analysis, and costing construction, and it has many other related subjects which is able to applied indirectly. However, only 2 universities have BIM course, and 1 university is planning to apply into the engineering programRead MoreInvestigating The Correlation Between The Primary Variable Of Fep Cost Performance1094 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy. The correlation analysis was performed between the primary variable of FEP Cost % and the Cost Performance, Schedule Performance, Change Cost % and Schedule Change %. The results show that there was a positive correlation between the effort allocated to Front-End Planning and the cost performance of the project in DB system, Complex projects and Renovation projects. The schedule performance was affected positively by the FEP effort only in projects delivered using CMR system. In general, thereRead MoreSample And Contrast Phase, Steps, Technique And Deliverables1394 Words   |  6 Pagesgathering and analysis,Design,Implementation,Testing and each phase consist of series of steps that are executed using a technique. A technique is a method that can be applied on a steps to create deliverables. and a deliverables is a specific documents or files that provides information and understanding about the project 3.Describe the principal steps in the Planning Phase?What are the major deliverables? A.Planning phase is the fundamental process of understanding why does this system need to beRead MoreAnalysis Of Mechanical Air Conditioning974 Words   |  4 PagesClient has decided to investigate the potential to improve efficiency of the current mechanical air conditioning and ventilation system to an office tower project being developed and planned. Assessment will be reviewing three (3) design options as noted in section 4.1 and results presented in section 6 of this report. The client has noted some parameters and requirements he would like to ascertain through the assessment which is as follows: Client Requirements ï  ¶ Electricity cost is $0.15/kWh ï  ¶Read MoreOutline The Principles Of System Analysis1619 Words   |  7 PagesOutline the principles of system analysis Need for Growth The drivers are need for advance and many businesses need to expand into new markets they develop new products and also increase their turnover and profits for them to do this they have` to plan effectively and they often will have to incorporates system analysis. Need to increase productivity The sales may have improved but there is also a need to improve capacity, also the activity of the competitors may require that the company their abilityRead MoreSample System Analysis And Design Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages KARTHIK JAVVAJI – 1370192 HOMEWORK 2 ISAM 5635.01 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1. The current as-in business process used for registering for classes at UHCL is Easy Access System for Enrollment (EASE). The EASE system requires to login to the website through student ID. Three types of registration periods are available for registration of classes per semester, they are 1. Early registration which is by only appointment, here students are assigned with certain time of theRead MoreOperation Managenent1504 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 – Introduction to Operations Management After completing this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define the term operations management. 2. Identify the three major functional areas of organizations and describe how they interrelate. 3. Identify similarities and differences between production and service operations. 4. Describe the operations function and the nature of the operations managers job. 5. Summarize the two major aspects of process management. 6. Explain the key aspects of operationsRead MoreImportance Of Cae1101 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive term used by many industries for the use of computers to design, analyze, and manufacture products and processes. CAE includes CAD and CAM CAD is used for computer modeling and drafting designs while CAM is used for computers for managing manufacturing processes. Advantages of CAE †¢ CAE reduces the error in design and drawing process. †¢ Robustness and performance of components/assemblies can be analyzed. †¢ CAE allows for easy visualization and improves designs. †¢ CAE aidsRead MoreCh. 4 Product and Service Design Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesSTUDY OUTLINE FOR CHAPTER 4 PRODUCT and SERVICE DESIGN 1. Why is product or service design strategically important? For the success and prosperity of an organization. It has an impact on future activities. Consequently decisions in this area of the most fundamental that managers must make. 2. List some of the things that product and service design does. 1) Translates customer wants and needs into product and service requirements. (marketing, operations) 2) Develop

unit 522 facilitate coaching and mentoring - 1457 Words

Unit 522 Facilitate coaching and mentoring in health and social care or children and young people’s settings. When working in a care a setting it is important that I carry out professional supervision. During the induction process as part of them management team I will talked to the team about the purpose of supervision and why it takes place. During the first six months of employment at Genus care, carer’s are on probation and will be supervised twice during each month. I do this as part of the company policy and in order to fully support the individual needs and development of the new team member. After this period has passed supervisions go to once a month and continue throughout the rest of their employment. During supervision as†¦show more content†¦The employee owns the process so coaching can only occur when the employee is willing to participate. Mentoring involves a manager passing on his/her knowledge and expertise to an employee. Typically, the employee has a mentor who is at management level but not directly involved in his or her work area, so that issue s can be discussed in an impartial and confidential manner. Employee Appraisals All the activities mentioned above should take place on an ongoing basis. The formal appraisal interview, normally held on an annually, is a great forum to discuss progress in each of these areas. The main difference between a Coach and a Mentor is that, the mentor has a deep personal interest, personally involved for example a friend who cares about the person and the long term development. Whereas a coach develops specific skills for the task, like challenges and performance expectations at work. As a coach I will often focus on an individual’s performance and will have a specific agenda i.e. time management. I will select a goal and tell the individual how they can achieve it in order to get the best results. When in the house as a senior care worker I am always viewed as a coach and will guide new team members through their probation by showing them how to deal with situations and tasks on a day to day basis within the home. As a mentor I focus on the individual, often there is not a set agenda, tasks are self selected and there isShow MoreRelated522 mentoring3582 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Alisha Wall Unit 522 - Facilitate coaching and mentoring of practitioners in health and social care or children and young peoples settings 2.4 - Explain the different types of information advice and guidance that can support learning in the work setting 4.3 - Explain the support needs of those who are working with peers as coaches or mentors There are 8 key communication skills for effective coaching that would also apply to mentoring: listening, questioning, constructively challenging, seeingRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pages600/0573/7 2 City Guilds Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Unit 501 Unit 502 Unit 503 Unit 504 Introduction Centre requirements Delivering the qualification Assessment Units Use and develop systems that promote communication (SHC51) Promote professional development (SHC52) 6 44 48 49 54 55 58 Champion equality, diversity and inclusion (SHC53) 60 Develop healthRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesQuestions 205 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 205 Case Application 8-A: The Underrated Checklist: Five Steps to Save Lives 205 Case Application 8-B: Delivering at UPS 205 Working with a Team: Orienting Employees 206 Learning an HRM Skill: Coaching Employees 206 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 207 The Socialization Process 185 The Purpose of New-Employee Orientation 186 Learning the Organization’s Culture 187 The CEO’s Role in Orientation 187 HRM’s Role in Orientation 188 It’s All inRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesrelationship values. This will be followed by discussions of effective selection procedures, compensation and benefits, job enrichment and job satisfaction, practices providing work life balance, organizational direction, and other practices that facilitate retention. Next, there will be a discussion of the costs of downsizing and layoffs. This will be followed by a discussion of how to avoid business cycle–based layoffs, alternatives to layoffs, and employment guarantees. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages386 What Is Authentic Leadership? 386 †¢ Ethics and Leadership 386 †¢ Servant Leadership 387 †¢ Trust and Leadership 387 †¢ How Is Trust Developed? 389 †¢ Trust as a Process 390 †¢ What Are the Consequences of Trust? 390 Leading for the Future: Mentoring 391 Mentoring 391 Challenges to the Leadership Construct 393 Leadership as an Attribution 393 †¢ Substitutes fo r and Neutralizers of Leadership 394 †¢ Online Leadership 395 Finding and Creating Effective Leaders 396 Selecting Leaders 396 †¢ Training LeadersRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesas team working, knowledge management and close relationships with external opinion leaders. Others emphasised ‘lean and ï ¬â€šexible’ operations and outsourcing of all but core competences. Some reorganised their RD to create smaller and more nimble units – like internal biotechs. Others sought external innovation. Biotechs were contributing an increasing share of the industry’s new products via licensing deals. Procter and Gamble actually closed internal Discovery efforts in 2006, with the declaredRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesFirst Edition Project Management The Managerial Process Fifth Edition Erik W. Larson Oregon State University Clifford F. Gray Oregon State University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any meansRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesCONTINENTAL COMPUTER CORPORATION According to Ed White: Our major problems first began to surface during the early nineties. 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Monetary and Economic Integration Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Monetary and Economic Integration. Answer: Pros and cons of monetary integration Monetary integration refers to the incidence of two or more countries adopting the same or single currency without having any further integration (Hefeker, 2018). This is also known as monetary union or currency union. According to Tsoukalis (2017), monetary integrations can also lead to the existence of a fixed mutual rate of exchange for different currencies, which would be controlled by a single central bank. There are two necessary components of monetary integration. First is the exchange rate union, in which a certain section of the exchange rates bear a fixed relationship with each other while the rates vary with non-union currencies. Second is the scope of convertibility, which refers to the non-existence of all types of the exchange rate controls irrespective of the capital or current transactions within the exchange rate zone (Kruse, 2014). The most prominent example of monetary integration is the creation of EMU and Euro zone, where many independent nations of Europe have adopted a single currency Euro. The pros of monetary integration are: It reduces the transaction cost incurred by the traders and the travelers. Conversion of currencies leads to some amount of losses in terms of real value of the currencies (Hefeker, 2018). It helps in reducing the interest rates in the participating countries, and that attracts more investment. Lower transaction costs help in bringing more cross border investments. Monetary integration brings exchange rate stability and thereby reducing differences in the price across the region. Price comparison becomes more efficient and steps can be taken accordingly to reduce disparities (Nieboer, 2014). It leads to free movement of labor by ensuring a free mobility area. Common currency helps the workers to move between the countries without any regulation, which helps in reducing the unemployment. Countries get access to larger markets and thus get the scope for increasing income. The cons are: The countries lose monetary independence as they cannot take independent decision on monetary policies even during any crisis. Costs of adopting a new currency are huge, especially for a less developed country. There are negative effects of cross border fiscal policies. When the neighboring countries impose strict fiscal policies of reducing expenditure and investment, it affects the other country due to common currency (Masciandaro Romelli, 2017). Pros and cons of economic integration Economic integration is the process of elimination of reduction of the trade barriers among the economically independent nations (Moon, 2017). This type of integration aims to reduce or eliminate the barriers regarding the flow of trade in goods and services, labor and capital. It also establishes certain factors of coordination and cooperation among the participating countries. Economic integration is a dynamic procedure, which encourages the member countries to become one entity over time (Baier, Bergstrand Feng, 2014). Pros of economic integration: Facilitation of international trade by encouraging competition, comparative advantages, capital liberalization, macroeconomic stability Market liberalization through introduction of common market and common currency (Sannwald Stohler, 2015) Political liberalism through democracy and political stability Short term growth due to increased competition, optimum and efficient allocation of resources and higher real income Long term growth due to higher capital, increasing economies of scale, technological progress The cons are: Trade Blocs are often created, leading to increased trade barriers against non-member countries Trade diversion occurs where trade is diverted from a cost-efficient non-member country to cost-inefficient member country Countries lose sovereign power to a certain degree in issues like monetary, fiscal policies and trade. Higher the degree of economic integration, greater is the degree of economic control that needs to be given up to attain a stability in the political and economic system (Baier, Bergstrand Feng, 2014). Effect and stages in monetary integration leading to economic integration Monetary integration is one of the six stages of economic integration. Monetary union occurs through three stages, as in the case of EMU. In the first stage, creation of a single market is the agenda of the economic authorities. A single market ensures liberalization of capital movements across the member countries and prohibition of monetary financing of the public authorities by the central banks (Masciandaro Romelli, 2017). In the stage two, efforts are taken to achieve the convergence among the member economies in terms of public finances, exchange rates, inflation and long run rate of interests. Stage three is the final step, which introduces the common currency, that is, monetary union gets completed in stage three. In the case of EMU, 19 countries of Europe adopted Euro as their single currency with effect from January 1, 1999 (Sannwald Stohler, 2015). There are six stages in economic integration, namely, preferential trading area, free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and political union (Schad, 2011). Monetary integration is a part of the bigger economic integration as it results in common market and economic union for the member countries. The effect of the three stages of monetary union is wide spread. Firstly, the establishment of a single market is hugely beneficial for the member countries, as that ensures reduction in trade barriers and increase in trade for the member countries. This boosts the production and trade of the countries leading to economic growth. The convergence of the policies regarding the exchange rate, inflation, public finances and long run interest rates leads to political stability of the country (Tomann, 2017). Application of monetary integration on a global scale The degree of economic integration depends heavily on the degree of monetary integration. There are many free trade areas and preferential trade areas in the world with certain terms and conditions, beneficial for the member countries, but they do not necessarily have the single currency or a fixed exchange rate among them. Lane (2006) highlights that the monetary integration results in increased amount of cross border trade in goods and services, finance and resources, increased comparative efficiency and advantage of the member countries, and helps to achieve economic as well as political stability across the region, which are the major components of economic integration. On a global scale, the biggest example of monetary integration is the establishment of EMU of Europe. It was established on 1991 with the introduction of single market, fixed exchange rate and Euro, the single currency of 19 countries of Europe. This has benefitted the economic integration of European Union in ter ms of economic and political stability, increased production and trade, increased employment and overall economic growth. References Baier, S. L., Bergstrand, J. H., Feng, M. (2014). Economic integration agreements and the margins of international trade.Journal of International Economics,93(2), 339-350. Hefeker, C. (2018).Interest groups and monetary integration: The political economy of exchange regime choice. Routledge. Kruse, D. C. (2014).Monetary integration in Western Europe: EMU, EMS and beyond. Butterworth-Heinemann. Lane, P. (2006). The Real Effects of European Monetary Union.Journal Of Economic Perspectives,20(4), 47-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.47 Masciandaro, D., Romelli, D. (2017). Optimal Currency Area and European Monetary Membership:Economics and Political Economy. Moon, W. (2017).Regional IntegrationEurope and Asia Compared. Taylor Francis. Nieboer, J. (2014).The Pros and Cons of Economic and Monetary Union. [online] Brugesgroup.com. Available at: https://www.brugesgroup.com/euro-and-economy/49-issues/euro-and-economy/465-the-pros-and-cons-of-economic-and-monetary-union [Accessed 23 Mar. 2018]. Sannwald, R., Stohler, J. (2015).Economic integration. Princeton University Press. Schad, M. (2011).Economic and Monetary Integration. [online] Uni-ulm.de. Available at: https://www.uni-ulm.de/fileadmin/website_uni_ulm/mawi.inst.150/lehre/ss11/isp/Economic_and_Monetary_Integration.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar. 2018]. Tomann, H. (2017).Monetary Integration in Europe: The European Monetary Union after the Financial Crisis. Springer. Tsoukalis, L. (2017).The politics andeconomics of European monetary integration. Routledge.

Tranformation of Emma Into Clueless Essay Example

Tranformation of Emma Into Clueless Essay Transformations of texts into new texts usually reinforce the same values, even though their context may be vastly different. The concept of transformation refers to any kind of change of a text. The change between the two texts is usually conducted in order for the text to be adapted into new text’s context. Transformation between two texts can be seen through character changes and social theme changes. The novel â€Å"Emma† is formed around Emma Wodehouse’s constricted social group and her journey of transformation from being an impulsive matchmaker who does not oblige to her social role, to an insightful lady with the correct social role and etiquette according to the novels context. â€Å"Clueless† is a modernized interpretation of â€Å"Emma†. The film was based in the opulent and superficial Beverly Hills. The film highlights Cher Horowitz change from an obnoxious, naive girl with a materialistic aim for popularity, into a mature lady with a greater sense of self and less materialistic needs. Both texts maintain the same themes that supports their respective societies and audience, even though there were changes in context and form between the two texts. Social structure is seen in both â€Å"Emma† and â€Å"Clueless† and the concept is maintained throughout both of the texts. Social structure is able to influence Emma’s perception of her surroundings and matchmaking skills. Cher’s amount of knowledge and actions towards the school cliques is also influenced by the concept of social structure. Emma† and â€Å"Clueless† both explore female gender roles in their appropriate context, highlighting the limited power and control of women in patriarchal societies. The theme of roles of women is demonstrated through the numerous women figures that help structure both â€Å"Emma† and â€Å"clueless† and the impact they have on both their perceptions and their self-awareness. Heckerling’s upholding of the themes that wer e originally depicted in ‘Emma’ that were transformed into ‘Clueless’ demonstrates the existence and acceptance of these notions in both contexts. We will write a custom essay sample on Tranformation of Emma Into Clueless specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tranformation of Emma Into Clueless specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tranformation of Emma Into Clueless specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ultimately, ‘Emma’ is transformed into ‘Clueless’ by using examples and techniques in order to display these comparative notions. Through comparison of the ways in which wealth and social structure (hierarchy) are examined in both texts, greater insight can be gained of these contexts, and the values and ideas they portray. Firstly, the theme of social structure is depicted in both ‘Emma’ and ‘Clueless’ through the direct comparison of the car scene in â€Å"Clueless† and the carriage scene in â€Å"Emma†. In â€Å"clueless†, Social structure can be highlighted in the scene after the Valley party when Elton gives Cher a lift home and attempts to kiss her. Cher abruptly backs away and questions Elton on the math she made between Elton and Tai to which he replies ‘Do you know who my father is? This rhetorical question portrays the idea that Elton’s father has a high social ranking and is in a high position in the social order. By Elton’s rhetorical question, he is suggesting that Cher would be a more suitable math for Elton and Cher is seen to be on a closer social level to Elton rather than Tai. Emma is left to share a carriage home with Mr Elton, because Harriet was not able to attend the ball. In the carriage, Mr Elton violently professes his love for her. Through Emma’s dialogue that was shifted from Emma’s narrated feelings, Austen highlights Emma’s surprise. Emma then exclaims ‘This to me! You forget yourself, you take me for my friend. ’ When Mr Elton professes his love for her as Emma had always thought that Harriet was the fittest match for him. Emma ends up feeling offended by his assumption that she would have similar feelings towards him as she believes she is of a higher class than Mr Elton. Emma’s bewilderment comes from the fact that he believes she would ‘lower’ herself to his standards. This is similar to Cher’s disgust for high-school boys. When Cher is asked if she has a high school boyfriend, she replies with ‘Oh, as if! ’ when Cher replies with this, it exaggerates her superficial views on relationships in the concept of social hierarchy. These references highlight both Cher and Emma’s materialistic and fake views on social status and reflects their poor amount of awareness, which ultimately contrasts with their prosperous social positions. Although the context and language has changed in both scenes, the theme ultimately remains the same. Using rhetorical questions and changing the narrative style to depict the theme of social structure, it is seen that both ‘Clueless’ and ‘Emma’ render the same themes and transfer them into their different contexts. Similarly, social structure is highlighted through the parallel between the actions of Cher’s and Emma’s matchmaking projects. When Emma accepts Harriet in the society which Emma is included in, her plans were to improve her social status by finding someone oh a higher social class than her. When the novel â€Å"Emma† is coming to an end, Harriet admits her feelings towards Mr Knightley. In the novels context, it was not seen fit for Harriet, someone with a much lower social class than Mr Knightley to be having feelings or associating on a close level with him. The theme of social structure is greatly evident in this chapter of the book, it is shown through Emma’s dialogue after Harriet confesses her love for Mr Knightley to Emma. When Emma states, in an exasperated manner ‘Mr Knightly and Harriet Smith! †¦ Could it be? No, it was impossible’, it can be seen that having Harriet and Mr Knightly together is a disturbance in the social hierarchy and class level. Austen’s satirical fixation with the social structure within the 19th century in England was somewhat reinforced by the statement in the novel that personas from lower or middle class could not marry or have close relation with personas within the high class or the high social group. This statement is portrayed in many ways, including Emma’s astonishment by the idea of Harriet and Mr Knightly, this was quite heretical in the novels context. Furthermore, Emma’s interests in Harriet are almost paralleled with Cher’s motivation to give Tai a makeover as Cher saw her as a ‘personal project’. Emma’s intentions are transformed into a modernized goal to relate with ‘Clueless’ audience. Tai’s make over from Cher involves changing Tai’s style and pronunciation to simply ‘improve’ her character and make her popular. Although this change will make Tai more accustomed to Cher’s social level, these changes are mostly beneficial to Cher, this notion is very similar to the Harriet’s welcoming into Highbury as it was mainly beneficial to Emma. When Tai meets Cher and Dionne and is immediately recommended a makeover, Dionne says, ‘it gives her a sense of control in a world full of chaos’ regarding to Cher’s need to improve Tai’s status and outlook. Cher’s need to adjust Tai’s lifestyle is almost symmetrical to Emma’s need of having to influence and make couples through her act of match making. In the film ‘Clueless’, a makeover is compared to a saviour from a ‘chaotic world’, this not only highlights the superficial and materialistic views of the 1990’s Beverly Hills, but also shows how much trouble Cher would go to, to improve Tai’s social level, trying to bring her to higher class and ‘popularity’. The transformations of social structure from ‘Emma’ to ‘Clueless’ has been disguised and depicted throughout the film as popularity. The notion of social structure was reinforced through hyperbolic references ultimately displaying very similar themes of social hierarchy =, structure and ‘popularity’ in both ‘Clueless’ and ‘Emma’. Greater understanding can be gained of the two text’s context by the comparison of the role of women between both ‘Emma’ and ‘Clueless’. The notion of the necessity of romantic love, marriage and the expectation of woman are all equally important themes in both texts. Although, these themes are evident throughout both ‘Emma’ and ‘Clueless’, they have been transformed from Emma’s context to suit the audience and the context of ‘Clueless’. The themes that are evident in both texts are constantly defined by gender. Austen’s narrative characteristic for the novel ‘Emma’ is an ironic and amused commentary conducted by the narrator when describing the character’s actions. In Austen’s novel, an early description of Emma’s character, narrated from Mrs Weston’s perspective, in fact is an ironic publicity of Emma’s faults. She could not think, without pain, of Emma’s losing a single pleasure, or suffering an hour’s ennui, from the want of her companionableness: but dear Emma was of no feeble character; she was more equal to her situation than most girls would have been† The irony of this part of text is that while Emma ultimately does not have any trouble finding new companions in her social group, her idea of companionship is to manipulate others into advantageous marriages. Furthermore, shown with this example is Emma’s obsession with marriage which subtlety makes socially related comments on the unequal status of women. This originally descended from the cultural status of women at the time; if they were unmarried they were of a lower rank in society and potentially financially destitute. Conversely, the depiction of Cher’s character in Clueless is much more definite about exposing her faults. While she, like Emma, is popular amongst her peers, she also has ditzy and ignorant characteristics which are not present in Emma’s character. This change in characterization can be linked to the changes in social values and perceptions on the abilities of women; in the context of ‘Clueless’ it was no longer considered desirable for women to be culturally and academically ignorant. This change in cultural values follows from the stereotypical gender role of the typical popular teenager in the context of clueless. This stereotype of girls are characterized as a beautiful and wealthy but book-dumb teenager. There is no narrator present to comment on Cher’s character or to make ironic statements exposing her flaws like in Austen’s novel, so Cher’s characterization is presented as directly as possible. Film narration as a medium is objective, so Cher’s flaws are immediately visible to the movie’s audience and are not hidden by irony. Although Emma’s characterization was seen through the narrator’s comments, Cher’s characteristics were shown through her actions and her dialogue throughout the movie. Throughout the film, Cher’s expensive branded clothes are used as a symbolisation throughout the movie in order for the audience to perceive her a beautiful and wealthy girl. Her patriarchal values towards her fashion statements and shopping is seen through the opening scene of Cher becoming frustrated while picking through various expensive items in her closet to find an outfit. The notion of Cher being stereotyped into the classical 1990’s women also occurs in the scenes of when she goes to the mall and has a makeover to get ready when Christian arrives at her house. Cher’s book-dumb characteristic is shown through the symbolisation of the comparison of the TV shows both Cher and Josh watch. In the middle of the film, Cher is scene to change the channel from the news to her favourite cartoon which ultimately shows her lack of realisation of the non-materialistic events occurring around her. This symbolisation of the news channel later reoccurs when Cher states that she thought ‘they declared peace in the middle east’ when Josh had asked her why she looked confused watching the bombing and shooting attacks on television. The transformations of women stereotypes between ‘Emma’ and ‘Clueless’ shows a change in method to convey the gender roles and also alterations in concept in order to adapt to the modern cultural context.